Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Nutrigenomics: A Broader Concept
Chapter 2: The Gene-Environment Nexus: A Holistic Approach to Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genetics and Neurodegenerative Diseases
2.2.1 Monogenic Forms of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Alzheimer´s and Parkinson´s Diseases as Examples
2.3 The Environment and Its Effect
2.3.1 Effect of Environmental Exposures: The In Utero Example
2.4 The Gene-Environment Nexus
2.5 How to Approach Gene-Environment Interaction Studies in the Neurodegenerative Context
2.5.1 Approach 1: One Gene-One Exposure
2.5.2 Approach 2: Gene Datasets-Multiple Exposures
2.5.3 Approach 3: Observing the Genome
2.6 What the Future Holds for the Gene-Environment Nexus in Neurodegenerative Disorders
References
Chapter 3: Gene-Gut-Brain Axis: Gene-Based Personalized Medicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nutrigenomics: How Nutrients Affect Genes
3.3 Nutrients Modulate DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation
3.4 Genetic Variations Affect the Response to Nutrients
3.5 Nutrigenomics and Control of Chronic Diseases
3.6 Nutrigenomic in Cardiovascular Diseases
3.7 Nutrigenomics in Cancer
3.8 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4: Nutrigenomics of Aging
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cellular Senescence
4.2.1 Senescence-Mediated Arrest
4.2.2 Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP)
4.2.3 Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence
4.2.4 Effect of Accumulation of Senescent Cells
4.2.5 Metabolic Dysfunction and Cellular Senescence
4.3 Telomeres and Aging
4.3.1 Structure and Function of Telomeres
4.3.2 Telomeres, Lifestyle, and Longevity
4.3.3 ROS on Telomeres
4.4 Epigenetic Changes During Aging
4.5 Genome Instability and the Aging Process
4.6 Age-Related Physiological Changes and Nutritional Needs
4.6.1 Some Physiological Changes
4.6.2 Unhealthy Habits on ROS and Aging
4.6.3 Nutritional Needs for Older Adults
4.7 Nutrigenomics and the Aging Process
4.7.1 The Role of Micronutrients in Genome Stability
References
Chapter 5: Nutrition and Mental Health
5.1 Introduction: Diet, Nutrition, and Mental Health
5.2 How Mental Health Affects Nutrition
5.3 Nutrition and Mental Health
5.4 Micronutrients and Mental Health
5.5 PUFAs and Mental Health
5.6 Vitamin D and Mental Health
5.7 Probiotics and Mental Health
5.8 The Mediterranean Diet as an Example
5.9 Microbiome and Mental Health
5.10 Potential Pathways and Mechanisms of Action
5.11 Evidence for Nutritional Interventions for Mental Health
5.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Nutrigenomics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Prenatal, Intrapartum Health, and the Nervous System Development
6.3 Maternal Anemia
6.4 Gut-Brain Axis
6.5 Iron Deficiency
6.6 Ketogenic Diet
6.7 Examples of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
6.7.1 Autism
6.7.1.1 Prenatal Exposures, Valproic, Folic Acids, and Iron
6.7.1.2 Vitamin D Deficiency
6.7.1.3 Ketogenic Diet
6.7.1.4 Gluten-Free and Casein-Free Diet
6.7.1.5 Probiotics
6.7.2 Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
6.7.2.1 Gut-Brain Axis
6.7.2.2 Probiotics
6.7.2.3 Vitamin D in ADHD
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Nutrition and Alzheimer´s Disease
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Etiology of Alzheimer´s Disease
7.3 Role of Nutrition in Alzheimer´s Disease
7.4 Gut-Brain Axis in AD
7.5 Diets Role in AD
7.5.1 Ketogenic Diet
7.5.2 Intermittent Fasting
7.5.3 Mediterranean Diet
7.6 Role of Vitamins in AD
7.6.1 Vitamin B
7.6.2 Vitamin D
7.6.2.1 Impact of Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
7.6.3 Vitamin E
7.7 Other Nutrients
7.7.1 Homocysteine
7.7.2 Selenium
7.7.3 Nutraceuticals and AD
7.7.4 Polyphenols
7.8 Treatment
7.9 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Nutrigenomics in Parkinson´s Disease
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Gut-Brain Axis
8.2 State of the Art
8.2.1 PD Pathogenesis: Different Pathways Affected
8.2.2 Genetics and PD
8.2.2.1 PARK Genes
8.2.2.2 Alpha-Synuclein (SNCA) or PARK1 Gene
8.2.2.3 PARK2 Gene
8.2.2.4 PARK6 Gene
8.2.2.5 PARK7 Gene
8.2.2.6 PARK8 Gene/LRRK2 Gene
8.2.3 Epigenetics and PD
8.2.4 Diet and PD
8.2.4.1 Dairy
8.2.4.2 Alcohol
8.2.4.3 Fruits, Vegetables, and Vitamins
8.2.4.4 Coenzyme Q10
8.2.4.5 Fish Oil and Seafood
8.2.4.6 Iron
8.2.4.7 Middle Eastern Diet
8.2.4.8 Fried Foods
8.2.4.9 Ketogenic Diet
8.2.4.10 Caloric Intake
8.2.4.11 Sugar
8.2.4.12 Meat
8.2.4.13 Eggs
8.2.4.14 Miscellaneous
References
Chapter 9: Nutrigenomics and Big Data: Purposes, Relation to Personalized Medicine, and Personalized Nutrition
9.1 Nutrigenetics
9.1.1 Example 1: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
9.1.2 Example 2: Galactosemia
9.1.3 Example 3: Favism Disease
9.1.4 Example 1: Folate in Heart Disease and Cancer
9.1.5 Example 2: Dietary Cholesterol and Plasma Cholesterol Levels
9.1.6 Example 3: Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Breast Cancer
9.1.7 Example 4: Sodium and Blood Pressure
9.2 Nutrigenomics
9.2.1 Example 1: Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
9.2.2 Example 2: EGCG Consumption and Breast Cancer
9.2.3 Example 3: Carbohydrates Consumption and Gene Expression Regulation
9.2.4 Example 4: Restricting Caloric Intake and Its Impacts on Gene Expression
9.3 Personalized Nutrition
References
Chapter 10: Nutrigenomics and Development: Childhood Obesity Susceptibility Genes and their Impact on Dietary Behavior and Nut...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Measures of Obesity
10.3 Nutrigenomics
10.4 Factors of Obesogenic Environment
10.5 Types of Childhood Obesity
10.5.1 Syndromic Obesity
10.5.2 Non-Syndromic Obesity
10.5.3 Common Obesity
10.6 Susceptibility Genes
10.6.1 Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein
10.6.2 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
10.6.3 Melanocortin 4 Receptor
10.7 Discussion
10.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: The Effects of Early Childhood Malnutrition on Neurodevelopment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Malnutrition
11.3 Measures of Malnutrition
11.4 The Effects of Malnutrition
11.4.1 Intelligence Quotient
11.4.2 Cognitive Functioning
11.4.3 School Performance
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: The Emerging Role of Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor of Parkinson´s Disease
12.1 Epidemiology of Parkinson´s Disease (PD)
12.2 Association Between Low Level of Vitamin D and Risk of PD
12.3 How Could Vitamin D Alter the Risk of Developing PD on the Molecular Level?
12.3.1 Vitamin D Synthesis and Its Role in the Brain
12.3.2 Association of VDR Polymorphism and PD
12.3.3 Molecular Pathways of the Association Between Vitamin D and PD
12.3.3.1 MHCII Complex
12.3.3.2 Cytochrome P450
12.3.3.3 Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1)
12.3.3.4 Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1)
12.3.3.5 Neurotrophic Factors (NTFs)
12.3.3.6 Sp1 Transcription Factor
12.3.4 Nonmolecular Mechanism of the Association Between Vitamin D and PD
12.4 Potential Association of Environmental Factors and PD, the Egyptian Experience
12.5 Vitamin D as a Potential Therapy for PD
12.5.1 Experimental Studies
12.5.2 Clinical Studies
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Crosstalk Between Autophagy and Nutrigenomics in Neurodegenerative Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Alzheimer´s Disease
13.2.1 Metabolic Conditions Associated with Alzheimer´s Disease
13.2.1.1 Diabetes Mellitus
13.2.1.2 Hypercholesterolemia
13.2.1.3 Oxidative Stress
13.2.2 Nutrition-Induced Autophagy Activation as a Potential AD Therapy
13.3 Parkinson´s Disease
13.3.1 Genetics of Parkinson´s Disease
13.3.1.1 α-Synuclein
13.3.1.2 PINK1/PRKN
13.3.1.3 LRRK2
13.3.1.4 DJ-1
13.3.2 Nutrigenomics and Parkinson´s Disease
13.3.2.1 Dietary Influences on PD
13.3.2.2 Nutrition-Based Therapeutic Strategies in PD
13.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Nanoparticles in Food Additives and Brain Health
14.1 TiO2
14.1.1 In Vitro
14.1.2 In Vivo
14.1.3 In Humans
14.2 Silver Nanoparticles
14.2.1 In Vitro
14.2.2 In Vivo
14.2.3 In Humans
14.3 Silicon Nanoparticles
14.3.1 In Vitro
14.3.2 In Vivo
14.3.3 In Humans
14.4 Regulations on the Use of Food Additives
References