Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface: Transforming Healthcare Through Learning
Organization of the Book
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Part I: Introduction
1: Nursing Informatics Through the Lens of Interprofessional and Global Health Informatics
Introduction
Breadth of the Field
Milestones of Informatics
Reference of This Book to the Informatics Milestones
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
2: Principles of Health Informatics
Health Informatics
What Is Health Informatics?
Brief History of Health Informatics
The Field of Informatics
Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom
Informatics Drivers
Theory of Informatics
Health Information Systems
The Concept of Information Systems
Different Categories of Information Systems
Health Information Exchange and Interoperability
The Health Informatics Team
Roles, Skills, and Responsibilities of Members of the Health Informatics Teams
Emerging Trends in Health Information Technology
Challenges Presented by Emerging Trends
Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
Case Study: Electronic Medical Record Implementation at Liberty Health
Workflow Requirements
Patient Appointment Workflow
Implementing an EMR Solution
EMR Vendor Selection
References
Part II: The 360° Stakeholder Perspective
3: The Patient’s View: The Patients as “Editor-in-Chief” of Their Data
Introduction
The Role of the Patient
Challenges Facing the Patient
Solutions Health Informatics Presents
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
4: The Nurse’s View: Stakeholders, Challenges, and Innovation During COVID-19 Pandemic
Introduction
Definition and Role of Nurses in Healthcare
Traditional Perspective
What Is the 360° Perspective?
Challenges of All Professions in State-of-the-Art Care Delivery: COVID-19 Pandemic
Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of Nurses: Traditional Stakeholders’ Challenges and Need for Innovations
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions: The New Stakeholders
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
5: The Physician’s View: Healthcare Digital Transformation Priorities and Challenges
Introduction
Definition and Role of the Profession in Health Care
Leadership
Training, Education, Certification, and Licensing
Challenges of the Profession in State of the Art Care Delivery
Physician Practice Structure
Interoperability
Physician Burnout
Technology Integration
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Privacy and Security
Legal
Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of This Profession
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
6: The Pharmacist’s View: Patient-Centered Care Through the Lens of a Pharmacist
Introduction
Definition and Role of the Profession in Health Care
Challenges of the Profession in the State of the Art Care Delivery
Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of This Profession
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
7: The Chief Information Officer’s (CIO) View: Observations, Perspective, and Opinions
Introduction
CIO’s Role at the Intersection of Technology and Healthcare
Challenges of the Profession Through the Eyes of My Early Experience with Health Care Automation and the Migration to the Digital Clinical Era
Entering the Digital Clinical Era
The Impact Automation on a Previously Paper-Based Process
Importance of Appropriate Staff Skill Set
Collaboration Among the Care Silos
What May the Future Hold?
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
8: The Chief Nursing Informatics Officer’s (CNIO) View: Strategic Nursing Leadership for Informatics-Powered Health and Healthcare
Definition and Role of the Profession in Health Care
Introduction
Why the CNIO?
Who Is the CNIO?
Challenges of the Profession in State of the Art Care Delivery & Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of this Profession
CNIO Challenges and Opportunities
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
What’s Now (and Next) for the CNIO and Interprofessional Partners?
Summary
What Is the Outlook for the CNIO?
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
9: The Chief Medical Informatics Officer’s (CMIO) View: Clinical, Technical and Leadership Acumen
Introduction
Who Is the Chief Medical Information Officer?
Challenges and Opportunities
Regulatory
Technical
Inertia and Change
Differing Landscapes
Priorities
Mission Statement
Death of a Thousand Cuts
Financial vs. Clinical Quality
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
Interprofessional Teams
Operational Communication
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
10: The View of Health Information Managers (HIM): Strategic Insights Through Data Analytics
Introduction
Definition and Role of the Profession in Health Care
What Is Health Information Management?
Professional Associations
Challenges of the Profession: Education and Certification
Overview
Competencies
United States of America
Global Academic Curricula Competencies for Health Information Professionals
Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of This Profession
Emerging Roles Including Health Informatics and Patient-Centered Priorities
Tasks
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
Further Reading
11: The Educator’s View: Global Needs for Health Informatics Education and Training
Introduction
Advances in Nursing and Healthcare Drive Informatics Innovation and Evolution
Educating the Informatics Educators
Connecting Informatics Competency Attainment to Curricula and Skill Assessment Tools
Definition and Role of the Educator in Health Care
New Technologies Challenging Care Delivery and Education
Health Informatics Priorities from the Perspective of Educators
Health Informatics Priorities in Collaboration with Other Professions
Case Study #1
Austria: An Online-Based Master’s Program in Health Information Management for Health Care Professionals
Lessons Learned
Case Study #2
China: Developing Informatics Competencies of ICU Novice Nurses Based on Miller’s Pyramid Model
Results & Lessons Learned
Case Study #3
United States—California: Sutter Health: Informatics Pioneers
Measures & Results Survey
Lessons Learned
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part III: Using Data and Information to Generate Knowledge
12: Learning Health Systems: Concepts, Principles and Practice for Data-Driven Health
Introduction
Models and Dimensions of a Learning Health System
Cyclical Models
Hierarchical models
Dimensions of a Learning Health System
Governance and Management of a Learning Health System
Applications and Challenges of Learning Health Systems
Evaluation of Learning Health Systems
The Technology of a Learning Health System
Data Analytics in a Learning Health System
Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Further Reading
13: EHR Data: Enabling Clinical Surveillance and Alerting
Introduction
Historical Overview of Clinical Surveillance before Computerized Systems
Public Health Surveillance
The Deteriorating Patient and Emergence of Rapid Response Systems
The Adoption of Clinical Scoring Systems as Alerting and Surveillance Tools
Designing Intelligent Surveillance and Alerting Systems
Clinical Informatics and the Development of Reliable Alerts
EHR-Based Computerized Alerting Systems
Rule Based Systems and Smart Alerts: Case STUDY of the Sepsis Sniffer
Advantages and Disadvantages of EMR-based Surveillance
Machine Learning in Clinical Surveillance
Evaluation of Clinical Surveillance Technologies: Impact on Outcome and Diagnostic Performance, Satisfaction, and Usability
Case Study
Clinical Control Tower
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
14: Interprofessional Structured Data: Supporting the Primary and Secondary Use of Patient Documentation
Introduction
Electronic Health Records for Interprofessional Use
Importance of Achieving Unified Documentation by Standardized Terminologies
Secondary Use of Nursing Data
Securing the Continuity of Patient Care by Means of Electronic Nursing Discharge Summary
The Changing Role of Patients and Professionals in a Digital Care Environment
Case Study
FinCC Supporting Nurse Managers in Decision-Making
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
15: Reusing Data from the Point-of-Care: Collect Once Use Many Times
Introduction
Collect Once, Use Many Times: A Guiding Principle
The COUMT Paradigm
Added Value for Management and Support Processes
Prerequisite for the Use of Data from the Electronic Medical Record
Introduction
Coding Systems
Documentation Modality
Software Requirements
Challenges in Using Data from the Electronic Medical Record
Case Study on the Multiple Use of Data Collected Once for the Electronic Medical Record
Global experience with Multiple Use of Data Collected Once
Grade Mix: Data for Resource Management
Knowledge Management: Retrieving Practical Knowledge While Working
Using Data from the Electronic Medical Record for the Nursing Minimum Data Set
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
16: Leveraging Health and Community Data: Insights into Social Determinants of Health
Introduction
Informatics and Social Determinants of Health
Drawing Connections: Vulnerable Populations
Data Sources
Role for Informatics
Data Analytics Tools for SDOH
Geospatial Mapping
Data Visualization
Cloud Computing
Artificial Intelligence
Data Analytics Tools
Potential Partners and Collaborators
Neighborhood-Level Approach to Population Health
Case Study: Using Population Health Informatics to Address Health Inequities
Introduction
Partners
Enabling Informatics Infrastructure
The Case
Tracking and Follow-Up
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
17: Citizen Generated Data: Opening New Doors in Health IT Research and Practice
Introduction to Citizen Science
Brief Background and History of Citizen Science
Citizen Science, Community/Individual Participatory Research & Crowdsourcing
Giving Voice
Scientific Steps and Process for Conducting Citizen Science
Steps to Take in a Citizen Science Project
Technology and Body Sensor-Based Healthcare Data Flow
Future Directions of Citizen Science
Emerging Future: It Is Becoming Difficult to Cast into the Future with it all around us
IBM Watson
AI & Dermatology
Gaming
Eye Tracking
Smart Phones
Ethics, Legal and Policy Aspects of Citizen Science
Case Study: The Biomarker Toilets in a Senior Living Residence
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Further Readings
18: Data from Social Media: Harnessing Social Medial for Health Intelligence
Introduction
Examining Health Consumerization and Literacy
Case Studies
The U.S. National Park Service
Reddit’s /r/StopDrinking
Opportunities to Boost Consumer Engagement with Health and Healthcare
Community Building for Better Health Outcomes
Applying Consumer-Focused Social Technology Principles to Growing and Sustaining Health Literacy
Meaningful Digital Engagement
Unpacking Privacy, Regulation and Policy
Who Ensures Data Privacy on Social Media?
Why Social Technology Companies Need Our Data and Our Trust
The Global Weaponization of Social Media
A More Social Clinical Mindset?
Lessons Learned from COVID-19
Refocusing the Mission of Medicine
Mining Social Media for Health Intelligence
Application #1: Forecasting Flu Impact
Application #2: Predicting Health Impact of Climate and Natural Disasters
Application #3: Understanding Behaviors Driving Misinformation During COVID-19
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Looking to the Future of Social Engagement and Health Intelligence
Envisioning a Mainstream Digital Health Economy
Key Challenges to Overcome
Nurses and Health Professionals Can Change the World
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
19: Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Data Visualization
Introduction
Data Analytics
Definition
Why Do We Use Data Analytics in Health Care?
Data Sources for Data Analytics
Data Analytics and Precision Medicine
Data Quality in Health Care
Data Analytics and Human Factors
Artificial Intelligence
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Uses of AI in Nursing and Health Care
Challenges
Data Visualization
Definition
Florence Nightingale as the First Data Visualizer
Selected Principles of Visualization
Case Study
Primary Care Provider Using AI as Part of Their Practice?
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part IV: Interoperable Systems
20: Interoperability: There is no Digital Health without Health IT Standards
Introduction
Defining the Role of Interoperability in the Digital Health Ecosystem
Overview of Current Data Standards, Categories and Initiatives
Data Standards Categories
Services/Exchange Standards
Content/Structure Standards
Vocabulary/Code Sets/Terminology
Administrative Standards
Interoperability Initiatives
Leveraging Data Standards to Achieve Health Information Exchange
Influencers and Accelerators of Standards Implementation and Adoption
Interoperability Case Study
Technical Approach
Overview of Clinical Workflow
Lessons Learned
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
21: Clinical Decision Support: The Technology and Art of Providing Support Where the Clinicians Need it
Introduction
What Is Clinical Decision Support (CDS)?
Related Work on Clinical Decision Support
Challenges and Success Criteria for CDS
CDS in EPR Systems
Case Study
VAR Healthcare-From Reference Book to Decision Support
Principles for Developing a General Evidence-Based Support Tool
Phase 1: Identifying Content
Phases 2 and 3: Prototype and System Development
Phase 4: Testing, Evaluating and Adjusting the Tool
Phase 5: Operation and Maintenance
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
22: Telehealth: Reaching Out to Patients and Providers
Introduction
Overview
Technologies and Interoperability
Connectivity and Accessibility
Security and Privacy
U.S. Regulatory Overview
International Regulatory Overview
Expanding the International Reach of Medicine and Health Promotion
Emergency Care and Disaster Response
Emerging Trends
Who Uses Telehealth?
Continuing Education and Evidence-Based Practice
Next Generation Practice
Case Study
Conclusion: What’s Next
Roles for Providers
Evolution of Technologies
Changing Regulatory and Legal Space
Your Challenge
Summary
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
23: Public Health: Interoperability Applications to Support Population Health
Introduction
Facilitating Population Health Through Interoperability
The Population Health Perspective
Current Use of Interoperability for Population Health
Population Health Use Cases for Interoperability
Reporting Notifiable Conditions to Public Health Agencies
Electronic Laboratory Reporting
Electronic Case Reporting
Health Indicators
Specialized Disease Registries
Care Coordination Informed by Interoperability
Challenges to HIE and Interoperability for Population Health
Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part V: Safe Systems and Patient Safety
24: Patient Safety: Opportunities and Risks of Health IT Applications, Methods and Devices
Introduction
Health IT Applications to Improve Patient Safety
Electronic Health Record
Computerized Practitioner Order Entry (CPOE)
Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS)
Clinical Decision Support Systems and Big Data
Predictive Analysis and Artificial Intelligence
Health IT Devices and Their Interconnection to Improve Patient Safety
Barcoding Medication Technology
Radio Frequency Identification
Smart Pumps
Automated Medication Dispensing Machine
Wearable Technology
Internet of Things
Challenges in Health Information Technology–Related Patient Safety
Case Study
Brazilian Initiatives to Improve Patient Safety Related to Health Informatics
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
25: Patient Safety: Managing the Risks
Introduction
Developing of Teaching and Learning Concepts
Reporting
Risk Management
Risk Analysis
Safety Aspects of Human-Machine Interaction
Risk Assessment
Prevention Concept
Learning Objectives
Teaching Concept
Prevention Application
Evaluation
Case Study
Risk Management
Prevention Concept and Application
Evaluation
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
26: Cybersecurity: Ensuring Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability of Information
Cybersecurity: The Basics
What Is Information Security?
What Is Cybersecurity?
Introduction
What Is the Role of Physical Security in Protecting Data?
What Is a Cyberattack?
Why Are Good Passwords Important?
What Is a Phishing Attack?
What Role Do Countermeasures Play in Thwarting Cyberattacks?
Healthcare as a Critical Infrastructure Sector
A History of Cybersecurity in Healthcare and Present Landscape
Security Awareness
Security Awareness Tips at Work
Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations
Case Study
Hypothetical Scenario
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendices
Appendix 1: Answers to Review Questions
Appendix 2: Definition of Key Terms
27: Quality and Safety of Health Mobile Applications: Are They an Issue?
Introduction
Approaches to Assess Health Apps
The mHONcode Certification for Mobile Health Apps
mHONcode Certification and Methodology
Case Study
The mHONcode in Action
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
Appendix: Definitions of Terms in the Text
References
Part VI: Privacy, Security, Confidentiality and Ethics in Healthcare
28: Data Privacy and Security in the US: HIPAA, HITECH and Beyond
Introduction
HIPAA Privacy
HIPAA Security
HITECH
Omnibus Final Rule
Converting an Entity to a Covered Entity
Conclusions and Outlook
Summary
Case Study
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
29: Data Protection and Data Security in the EU: the European General Data Protection Regulation
Introduction
Europe vs. Law of the Member State Law: When Does What Apply?
Principles Governing the Processing of Personal Data
Authorization
Legal Grounds for Permission
Consent
Rights of Data Subjects
Right to Information
Right of Access to Personal Data
Right of Rectification
Right to Restrict Processing (“Blocking”)
Right of Erasure
Right of Objection
Right to Data Portability
Data Protection Officer
Obligation to Designate
Information to and Examination by the Data Protection Officer
Records of Processing Activities
Data Security
Data Protection Impact Assessment
Privacy by Design and Privacy by Default
Processing Security
Duty of Proof: Hopefully Everything Documented?
Procedure for Implementing the Requirements
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
30: Practice and Legal Issues: Clinical Documentation, Data Ownership, Access, and Patient Rights
Introduction
Overview
The Origin of Health Records
The Definition and Purpose of the Legal Health Record
Laws, Obligations, Regulations Governing the Maintenance, Content, and Clinical Documentation Requirements Across the Globe
Overview
Health Record Maintenance, Content, and Documentation Requirements in the USA
The Medical, Clinical Documentation Obligation in Europe
Overview
Sense and Purpose of the Medical and Clinical Documentation
Corresponding Professional Duties and Data Protection Regulations
Scope, Timing, and Form of Documentation
Electronic Documentation
Classification Systems, Coding, and Revenue Cycle
International Classification of Diseases
International Classification of Health Interventions
Patient Rights: Legal Obligations of Healthcare Providers, Healthcare Facilities, and the Patient
Health Data Access, Core Data, and Interoperability
Case Study
Continuity of Care Through Electronic Patient Record
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
31: Ethical Issues: Patients, Providers, and Systems
Introduction
What Is Ethics?
Ethics in Healthcare
Ethical Principles of Biomedicine
Ethics in Digital Healthcare
Perspectives on Ethics in Digital Healthcare
Introduction
Technologies
Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning
Smart Assistive Technologies
Social Media
Patients
Healthcare Providers and Their Relationship to Patients
Autonomous Decision-Making
Harming Clinicians
Ethical Evaluation of Health IT
Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part VII: Managing Technology and People
32: Principles of Management: Successfully Implementing Health IT
Introduction
Case Studies in Brief
Israel
Scotland
The Context: Terminology, History, Current Status of Health IT
Terminology and Definitions
Brief History of Health IT and Telemedicine
The Current Situation in Europe: Gaps and Challenges
Health IT Today in the USA
Health IT Implementation in Israel and Scotland: An In-depth Analysis
Overview
Implementation of Health IT in Israel
The Maccabi Story
What Were the Management Principles That Were Critical Success Factors in the Implementation of Health IT in Maccabi?
Implementation of Health IT in Scotland
What Were the Principles That Were Critical Success Factors in the Implementation of Health IT in Scotland?
NHS in Scotland: Stages of Development
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
The Quality Improvement Approach
The Plan Do Study Act Methodology
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
33: Strategic Information Management: Essential Alignment
Introduction
Alignment of Clinical and Health IT Strategy with Organizational Strategy
Strategic Management Process
Environmental Scanning
External Environmental Scan
Internal Environmental Scan
Synthesizing the Environmental Scan
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Creating and Implementing an Information Strategy
Stakeholders
Objectives
Targets
Critical Success Factors
Measures
Tasks or Tactics
Impact/Evaluation
Evaluating Strategy
Case Study
Background
OneCareSystem
Clinical Informatics Section
Change
Discussion
Activities
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
34: Interprofessional Leadership: Innovative Strategies
Introduction
Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship
The Polarity Thinking™ Model
Interprofessional Governance Infrastructure
Unit/Department Based Interprofessional Partnership Councils
Central Partnership Council
Core Partnership Council Skills and Competencies
Risks and Accountability
Leveraging Polarities to Manage Resistance to Change
Intrapreneur and Entrepreneur Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
35: Disrupting Healthcare: Innovations in Information and Communications Technology
Introduction
Disruptive Innovation
Defining Disruptive Innovation and Business Models
Positive vs Negative Impact
Stakeholders in the Disruptive Innovation of Healthcare
Today’s Healthcare Business Model Ecosystem
Current U.S. Healthcare Business Model
Publicly Funded and Public/Privately Funded Healthcare Systems Globally
Vendor Focus
Ripe for Disruptive Innovation?
Disruptive Innovations of Today
Information and Communication Technologies in Healthcare Today
What Is Being Disrupted and Why
Case Study: Disruptive Innovation Case Study: Singapore and TraceTogether
Abstract
Technical Approach
App Analysis
The Dongle Process
Dongle Analysis
Business Models and Value
Lessons Learned
Case Study Summary
Case Study Discussion/Debate/Essay Questions
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
36: Project Management: Enabling Communication and Healthcare IT Implementations
Introduction
Importance of Project Management in Healthcare IT
Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing
Case Study
Overview
Implementation Process
Benefits
Case Study Conclusion
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
37: Process Management: Designing Digital Workflows
Introduction
Definition and General Aspects Processes
Core Processes in the Healthcare Sector
Admission (Elective/Emergency)
Diagnostics and Treatment
Discharge Management
Modeling
Event-Driven Process Chains (EPC)
Business Process Management Notation (BPMN)
Support of the Supply Process
IT Support from the Perspective of the Doctors
IT Support from the Perspective of the Nursing Staff
IT Support from the Patients’ Perspective
Requirements for Workflow Management
Case Study: Pain Management in Nursing Care
Case Study: Expert Standard Pain Management
Mapping of the Expert Standard as a Process (EPC)
IT Support of the Process
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part VIII: Health Informatics Education for the 21st Century
38: The TIGER Initiative: Global, Interprofessional Health Informatics Workforce Development
Overview of the TIGER Initiative
TIGER Initiative and Interprofessional Community: Strategies, Resources, and Tools
TIGER’s Transition into HIMSS
TIGER International Task Force
Emergence of the TIGER VLE: Web-Based Education Portal
TIGER Virtual Learning Environment
Courses Tied to Certificates of Completion
TIGER VLE Resource Library
Webinar Events and Archive
TIGER VLE Educational Resources Under Development
Global Activities: From Recommendations to Actionable Partnerships
TIGER Informatics Competencies Collaborative
Competency Recommendation Frameworks: Priorities for Health Informatics Professionals
EU*US eHealth Work Project
Publication of the Fourth Edition of the Nursing Informatics: Where Technology and Caring Meet Book
Illuminating Health Informatics Terminology
Health Informatics Guide Focused on TIGER’s Competency Development Work
Launch of the TIGER Scholars Informatics Internship Program
TIGER’s Partnerships with Academic Institutions
National Yang Ming University (Taiwan)
The University of Texas at Arlington’s Multi-Interprofessional Center for Health Informatics
National Autonomous University of Mexico
Case Study
Nursing Informatics Competency Development in China and Taiwan
Hospital Applications and Effects
Case Study Conclusion
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
39: Preparing the Health Informatics Workforce for the Future
Preparing the Health Informatics Workforce for the Future: An Introduction
Academic Preparation, Professional Development, or Workforce
Applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Bioinformatics or Healthcare Informatics Research
Change Management
Consumers, Caregiver, or Patient Experience
Cybersecurity, Information Security, and Privacy
Data and Analytics
Digital Health Transformation Leadership
Health Information Exchange or Interoperability
Healthcare Applications and Technologies
Innovation, Entrepreneurs, or Venture Investment
Pandemic Response
Population Health, Public Health, SDOH
Precision Medicine and Health
Telehealth, Connected Health, Virtual Health
User Experience, Usability, User-Centered Design
Volume to Value, Quality, Patient Safety
The Meaning of Work: An Overview
Professional Development: A Definition
Professional Development: Taking Advantage of Endless Possibilities
Professional Development: Creating a Professional Development Plan (Career Roadmap)
Establishing and Nurturing Your Career
Establishing and Nurturing Your Career: The Role of the Professional Society
Attributes of a Professional Society
Establishing and Nurturing Your Career: The Importance of Volunteering
Establishing and Nurturing Your Career: Earning a Professional Certification
The Importance of Lifelong Learning.
The Importance of Lifelong Learning: Earning an Advanced Degree
The Importance of Lifelong Learning: Engaging Socially
The Importance of Lifelong Learning: Self-Directed Learning
Case Studies
Case Study #1: Establishing a First Career in Health Information and Technology: A Member Case Study
Case Study #2: “Health Information and Technology: Focusing on the Continuing Professional Development of Health Information and Technology Professionals”
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
Appendix: Table 39.2
References
40: Health Informatics Education: Standards, Challenges, and Tools
Introduction
Educational Programs Related to Health Informatics
Accreditation and Standards Guiding eHealth and Health Informatics Education
Curricular Threads and Interdisciplinary Competencies
Challenges in Health Informatics Education
Ways to Address the Challenges
Tools Used in Health Informatics Education
Computer-Based Training
Online Instructor-Led Training
Tools to Enhance Learning
Online Digital Learning Resources
The HIMSS TIGER Virtual Learning Environment
Background
Summary of VLE Offerings
Case Study
Curriculum Adoption of the TIGER VLE in an RN to BS Health Informatics Course: Leveraging Digital Tools to Meet Standards in Nursing Informatics Education
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
41: Interprofessional Practice and Education: Core Data Set and Information Exchange Infrastructure
Introduction
Knowledge Generation Vision, IPE Core Data, Information Infrastructure
Interprofessional Competencies
Interprofessional Educational and Clinical Learning Environments
Critical Events of IPE Instrument
Teamness
Quadruple Aim Outcomes
National Center IPE Information Exchange
Instrument and Report Examples
Case Study
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
42: Digital Professionalism: Digital Learning and Teaching Techniques
Introduction
Didactical Framework
Fundamentals of the Five-Phase Didactical Framework for Online Courses
Five-Phase Didactical Framework for Online Courses
Phase 1: Reception and Introduction
Phase 2: Presentation of Learning Objectives and Course Organization
Phase 3: Processing of Learning Units
Offering Input
Working on One or More Tasks
Formative Assessment and Feedback
Mid-Term Evaluation of the Course
Phase 4: Summative Assessment
Phase 5: Completion and Evaluation
Digital Learning Tools of Learning Management Systems (LMSs)
Digital Skills of Educators and Learners
Didactical Principles in Digital Continuing Education and Workforce Development in Health Care
Case Studies
Course 1: Digitalization of Medicine—Data Literacy for Clinical Research and Health Care
Course 2: Advanced Concepts of Data Analytics and Curation—Business Intelligence, Data Warehousing and Data Mining in Health Care and Research
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part IX: Global Perspectives in Health Informatics
43: Bangladesh: eHealth and Telemedicine
Introduction
Portable Health Clinic: A Tool for the SDGs in Bangladesh
Background
Basic Structure of the Portable Health Clinic System
Expansion of Portable Health Clinics Services
Geographical Expansion of Portable Health Clinics
Personal Health Record Service in Portable Health Clinics
Why Personal Health Records?
Personal Health Record System in Portable Health Clinics
Variation of Portable Health Clinics Service Modules and ICT System
Requirement of Modular Expansion of Portable Health Clinics
Tele-Pathology System in Portable Health Clinics
Introduction
Tele-Pathology System and Service Delivery Process
Service Statistic
Maternal and Child Health System in Portable Health Clinics
Introduction
MCH Care System Structure in Portable Health Clinics
Expected Outcome of the MCH Care System
Findings from MCH and Child Health Follow-Up Services
Anemia in Pregnancy
Pulse Rate (Heart Rate)
Blood Pressure
Blood Glucose
Perspective and Future Considerations for Applying the Maternal and Child Health System of Portable Health Clinics to Nursing Informatics
Portable Health Clinic: COVID-19 System
Introduction
Portable Health Clinic: COVID-19 System Structure
Online Survey Using COVID-19 Triage in Portable Health Clinics
Usability of the Portable Health Clinic COVID-19 System
Case Studies
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
44: Brazil: Information Communication and Technology for Nurses and Patient Care Delivery
Introduction
ICT in Healthcare: Nurses’ Adoption Across the Country
From Data Collection to Outcome Measurements
Case Study
The PROCEnf-USP System
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
45: Health IT Across Health Care Systems: Finland, Germany and the U.S.
Introduction
Overview
Health Care Systems in Comparison
Typologies of Health Care Systems
Organizing the Delivery of Care
Health IT: Availability, Adoption, Use, and Diffusion
Challenges in the Process of Introducing Health IT
International Efforts
Comparing the Health IT Developments in Finland, Germany, and the United States
General Features of the Three Selected Countries
Health IT in the Three Selected Countries
Limitations and Strengths
Case Study
Guideline “How to Compare Health IT Across Countries”
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
46: Nigeria: Interprofessional Health Informatics Collaboration
Introduction
Brief Overview of Nigeria Geography, Wealth, People, Culture, and Languages
Healthcare Landscape in Nigeria
Health Indices
Governance/Level of Health Services
Budget and Healthcare Financing
Health Insurance
Healthcare Education and Interprofessional Collaboration
Education
Multiple Disciplines
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Infrastructure in Nigeria: Where Technology Meets Healthcare
Current Interdisciplinary Focus on Informatics in Nigeria: Training, Collaborations, Associations, and Networks
Case Study
Electronic Surveillance of Methanol Poisoning (“Malokun Syndrome”) Outbreak in Ondo State, Nigeria
Background
Rapid Response
Multidisciplinary Contact
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
47: Saudi Arabia: Transforming Healthcare with Technology
Introduction
Health Care Complexity and Technology
Digital Health Innovations
Challenges in Digital Health
Digital Transformation in Health Care
Transformation and Change
Fundamental Drivers for Digital Transformation
Digital Health Reinvention and Digitization
Digital Health Innovation and Transparency
Strategic Vision Driving Digital Health Transformation
Strategically Enabling Digital Health
The Visioning Process
Governing Digital Health Care Transformation
Digital Era Governance Framework
Public and Private Sector Governance
Governing Socio-Technical Transition
Digital Transformation and Government: A Global Perspective
Information and Communication Technology Market in Saudi Arabia
Case Study
Background to Case Study
Launch of the National Transformation Program
Governance Model for Achieving Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030
Establishing the Vision Realization Office
Transforming Health Care in Saudi Arabia
Transform Health Care Theme
MOH Role in Guiding e-Health Strategy Principles
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Part X: Future Trends in Health Informatics
48: Emerging Technologies: Data and the Future of Surgery
Introduction: The Role of Data in Surgery
Sourcing Surgical Data
Getting the Most Out of Surgical Data
Machine Learning
Artificial Neural Networks
Natural Language Processing
Computer Vision
Working with Data in the OR
Case Study
Case Study Questions to Consider
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
49: Emerging Technologies: What the Future Holds
Introduction
Enabling the Shift from ‘Sick Care’ to ‘Healthcare’
Understanding Accelerating Technologies and Exponential Change
Convergence
New Forms of Measuring and Optimizing Health, Prevention, and Managing Disease
Wearables
Quantifying our Diets
Ambient Sensing Technologies
Leveraging New Forms of Data, Communication, and Coaching to Impact Behavior Change and Health Outcomes
Voice Interfaces for Coaching, Health Communication, and Digital Therapeutics
Augmented, Virtual, and Extended Reality
Diagnostics and Monitoring
Future of Therapy
Accelerating Discovery
Summary
Conclusions and Outlook
Appendix: Answers to Review Questions
References
Index