Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation

✍ Scribed by Sarah J. Diehl, James Clay Moltz

• Publisher: ABC-CLIO
• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 352
• Series: Contemporary World Issues
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Fully updated and revised since its initial publication, Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation, Second Edition explores all key issues related to the proliferation of nuclear weapons and efforts to curb them, from the U.S. atomic bomb project during World War II to current debates on nuclear terrorism, North KoreaÕs nuclear test, and IranÕs enrichment program.

Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation, Second Edition clarifies weapons-related policy debates from both U.S. and international perspectives, offering a detailed look at current technologies, arsenals, weapons tests, and nonproliferation efforts. Readers will find expert analysis of such crucial recent events as LibyaÕs disarmament, the failed WMD search in Iraq, A.Q. KhanÕs nuclear technology black market, Òdirty bombs,Ó developments in North Korea and Iran, and the U.S. plan to aid IndiaÕs nuclear program—plus recent progress (or lack thereof) on a range of treaties and initiatives.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1. Background and History......Page 16
Early Scienti. c Developments......Page 17
Military Uses of Nuclear Fission......Page 19
U.S. Use of Nuclear Weapons against Imperial Japan......Page 20
Early Efforts to Control Nuclear Weapons......Page 22
Expanding the Nuclear Club and Weapon Arsenals......Page 23
Renewed Efforts at Control under Eisenhower......Page 24
Development of Delivery Systems: Bombers, Missiles, and Submarines......Page 25
The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limited Test Ban Treaty......Page 27
New Nuclear Powers and the Evolution of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty......Page 29
The Early 1970s: Détente and the Beginnings of U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Arms Control......Page 31
Efforts to Halt Horizontal Proliferation to New Countries......Page 32
The Late 1970s and 1980s: From Arms Racing to Negotiated Reductions......Page 33
New Threats to the Nonproliferation Regime: Iraq and North Korea......Page 35
Successes in International Nonproliferation Efforts in the Early to Mid-1990s......Page 37
New Tensions in the Nonproliferation Regime: The Late 1990s to Early 2003......Page 38
Post–Iraq Invasion Nonproliferation Efforts......Page 42
Attempts to Curb North Korea’s Nuclear Program: 2003–2007......Page 45
New Debates over Nuclear Arsenals......Page 46
Conclusion......Page 48
References......Page 49
2. Problems, Controversies, and Solutions......Page 52
Nuclear Weapons and Their Role during the Cold War......Page 54
What Is the Role of Nuclear Weapons Today?......Page 56
Are Nuclear Weapons Safe?......Page 58
How Many Nuclear Weapons Are “Enough”?......Page 61
How Serious Is the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism?......Page 65
Environmental and Health Effects of Nuclear Weapon Production......Page 68
Why Haven’t Nuclear Weapons Spread to More Countries?......Page 71
The Debate on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty......Page 74
Civilian Nuclear Energy Promotion versus Nonproliferation Goals......Page 76
Efforts to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons......Page 80
Final Considerations......Page 85
References......Page 86
3. Special U.S. Issues......Page 90
The Status of the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex......Page 92
U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy......Page 94
Treaties and Veri. cation......Page 99
U.S. Missile Defenses and Efforts to Defend against Nuclear Attacks......Page 101
Intelligence, Nuclear Proliferation, and Counterproliferation......Page 105
U.S. Policy toward New Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones......Page 107
U.S. Public Opinion and Nuclear Weapons......Page 109
Conclusion: U.S. Politics and Nonproliferation......Page 110
References......Page 111
4. Chronology......Page 114
Hans Bethe (1906–2005)......Page 186
Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909–1966)......Page 188
Hans Blix (1928–)......Page 189
Niels Bohr (1885–1962)......Page 190
Helen Broinowski Caldicott (1938–)......Page 192
Mohamed ElBaradei (1942–)......Page 193
Klaus Fuchs (1911–1988)......Page 194
Leslie Groves (1896–1970)......Page 195
Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)......Page 197
Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936–)......Page 198
Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960)......Page 200
Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958)......Page 202
Nie Rongzhen (1899–1992)......Page 203
J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967)......Page 205
Linus Pauling (1901–1994)......Page 206
Joseph Rotblat (1908–2005)......Page 208
Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989)......Page 210
Lewis L. Strauss (1896–1974)......Page 212
Leo Szilard (1898–1964)......Page 214
Edward Teller (1908–2003)......Page 216
Mordechai Vanunu (1954–)......Page 218
Data......Page 220
Nuclear Materials......Page 221
Fusion......Page 222
Fission Reactors......Page 223
Fission Devices......Page 224
Fusion (Thermonuclear) Devices......Page 225
Weapon-Grade Fissile Materials......Page 226
Worldwide Nuclear Weapon Stockpiles......Page 227
Nuclear Testing......Page 228
Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones......Page 231
Letter from Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt......Page 233
The U.S. Military Order to Drop the Atomic Bomb on Japan......Page 235
Of. cial U.S. Report on the Atomic Bomb’s Effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki......Page 237
The Founding Document of the Nonproliferation Regime......Page 244
The U.S.-Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (Moscow Treaty, 2001)......Page 250
UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)......Page 252
UN Sanctions on North Korea (2006)......Page 258
International Organizations......Page 264
U.S. Government Agencies......Page 275
Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 284
Nuclear Weapon Issues: United States......Page 290
Nuclear Weapon Programs: Worldwide......Page 300
Nuclear Weapon Proliferation and Nonproliferation: General Topics......Page 311
Periodicals......Page 317
DVDs and Videos......Page 319
CD-ROM......Page 325
Web Sites......Page 326
Glossary......Page 334
Index......Page 342
About the Authors......Page 352