Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT: Technology and Techniques

✍ Scribed by Paul E. Christian BS CNMT PET FSNMTS, Kristen Waterstram-Rich MS CNMT NCT FSNMTS

• Publisher: Mosby
• Year: 2011
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 765
• Edition: 7
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

A comprehensive guide to procedures and technologies, Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT: Technology and Techniques provides a single source for state-of-the-art information on all aspects of nuclear medicine. Coverage includes relevant anatomy and physiology and discusses each procedure in relation to the specific use of radiopharmaceuticals and the instruments required. Edited by experts in nuclear imaging and PET/CT, Paul E. Christian and Kristen M. Waterstram-Rich, this edition has a new chapter on MRI as it relates to nuclear medicine and includes practical, step-by-step instructions for procedures.

• PET/CT focus with hybrid PET/CT studies in several chapters provides cutting-edge information that is especially beneficial to working technologists.
• CT Physics and Instrumentation chapter introduces CT as it is applied to PET imaging for combined PET/CT studies.
• Authoritative, comprehensive resource conveys state-of-the-art information, eliminating the need to search for information in other sources.
• Foundation chapters cover basic math, statistics, physics, instrumentation, computers, lab science, radiochemistry, and pharmacology, allowing you to understand how and why procedures are performed.
• Accessible writing style and approach to basic science subjects simplifies topics, progressing from fundamentals to more complex concepts.
• More than 50 practice problems in the math and statistics chapter let you brush up on basic math skills, with answers provided in the back of the book.
• Key terms, chapter outlines, learning objectives, and suggested readings help you organize your study.
• A table of radionuclides used in nuclear medicine and PET is provided in the appendix for quick reference.
• A glossary provides definitions of key terms and important concepts.
• High-profile editors and contributors come from a variety of educational and clinical settings, providing a broad philosophic and geographic perspective.

• New MRI Physics, Instrumentation and Clinical Introduction chapter provides important background on MRI and its relationship with nuclear medicine.
• Procedures boxes in body systems chapters provide step-by-step descriptions of clinical procedures.
• Updates and revisions keep you current with the latest advances.
• Expanded 16-page color insert includes more diagnostic images demonstrating realistic scans found in practice.

✦ Table of Contents

Front cover
Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT
Copyright page
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Content
New to this Edition
Learning Enhancements
Instructor Ancillaries
Acknowledgments
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Mathematics and Statistics
Objectives
Key Terms
Fundamentals
Practical Applications
Statistics
Summary
References
Chapter 2: Physics of Nuclear Medicine
Objectives
Key Terms
Electromagnetic Radiation
Atoms and Molecules
Atomic Structure
Mass-Energy Relationship
Nuclear Notation and Nuclear Families
Decay Processes
Schematics of Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity Units
Interactions
Photons
Extranuclear Energy Release
Attenuation and Transmission of Photons
Summary
Chapter 3: Instrumentation
Objectives
Key Terms
Radiation Detectors
Gas-Filled Detectors
Semiconductor Detectors
Scintillation Detectors
Scintillation Counting Systems
Gamma Cameras
Scintillation Camera Corrections
Image Acquisition
Collimation
Gamma Camera Quality Control
Image Quality
Summary
Chapter 4: Computer Science
Objectives
Key Terms
Basic Computer Components
Image Acquisition
Image Display and Processing
Region of Interest
Clinical Applications
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 5: Laboratory Science
Objectives
Key Terms
Glassware and Instrumentation
Elements and Compounds
Laws of Constant Composition and Multiple Proportion
Gram Atomic Weights, Gram Molecular Weights, and the Mole Concept
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Solutions and Colloids
Chemical Reactions and Equations
Acids and Bases
Equilibriums and Equilibrium Constant
The pH Concept
Buffer Solutions
Organic Compounds
Summary
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Radiochemistry and Radiopharmacology
Objectives
Key Terms
Production of Radionuclides
Technetium Radiopharmaceuticals
Gallium and Indium Radiopharmaceuticals
Thallium Chloride
Iodinated Radiopharmaceuticals
Pet Radiopharmaceuticals
Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals
Regulatory Issues: Radiopharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 7: Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine
Objectives
Key Terms
Radiation Safety Program
Sources of Radiation Exposure
Radiation Regulations
Radiation Dose
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 8: Patient Care and Quality Improvement
Objectives
Key Terms
Patient Care
Patient Preparation
Patient Encounter
Age-Specific Care
Body Mechanics
Medications and Their Administration
Contrast Media
Infection Control
Vital Signs and Patient Assessment
Emergency Care
Ancillary Equipment
Quality Improvement
Defining Quality
Quality Acronyms
Pioneers of Quality Management
Role of Quality Management in Medical Imaging
Understanding Quality Designs
Key Focus Points
Key Components to Developing a Comprehensive Quality-Improvement Plan
Hospital-Based Quality Management Tools
Quality Drivers
Resources for Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Breaking Down the Process
Practical Application of Problem-Solving Techniques
Basics of Coding Systems
Coding Systems
Medical Coverage
Payment
Billing Compliance
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 9: Principles of SPECT and SPECT/CT
Objectives
Key Terms
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Instrumentation
Tomographic Acquisitions
Spect Reconstruction
Filtering of Spect Images
Spect Image Display
Spect Physics and Image Artifacts
Attenuation Correction, Scatter Correction, and Resolution Recovery
Cardiac Spect Quantification
Cardiac Display
Cardiac Gating
Quality Control
Summary
References
Chapter 10: PET Instrumentation
Objectives
Key Terms
Physics of Positrons
Production of Pet Radiotracers
Pet Radiation Detectors
Pet Scanner Design
Coincidence Detection: True, Scatter, and Random Events
Data Acquisition
2D and 3D Scanner Configuration
Pet/CT Scanners
Reconstruction Algorithms
Attenuation Correction by Transmission Imaging
Time of Flight PET
Scanner Calibration and Quality Control
Partial Volume Effect
Quantitative Image Information
Displaying PET Data
Image Fusion and PET/MRI
Radiation Safety in PET
Requirements for Gating and Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 11: CT Physics and Instrumentation
Objectives
Key Terms
Physics of X-Rays
X-Ray Tube and the Production of X-Rays
Principles of Computed Tomography
CT Scanner Design
Multislice Helical CT Systems
Image Data Acquisition
CT Image Reconstruction
CT Display
Display of Volumetric Image Data
Image Quality
CT Protocols
CT Artifacts
CT Radiation Safety
CT Quality Control
Summary
Suggested Reading
Chapter 12: Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction to Atomic Structure and Basic Principles
The Hydrogen Nucleus
Alignment
Precession
Resonance
Mr Signal and Free Induction Decay
T1 and T2
Pulse Sequences
Artifacts
MRI Safety
Summary
sUGGESTED READING
Chapter 13: Clinical PET/CT in Oncology
Objectives
Key Terms
Intracellular 18F-FDG Metabolism
Patient Preparation and Injection
Pet Scan Acquisition
Normal Whole-Body FDG Distribution
Normal Variations in FDG Localization
Pet Oncology Applications
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Non–Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma
Other Chest Malignancies
Melanoma
Lymphoma
Myeloma
Colorectal Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Brain Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Future Trends
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 14: Central Nervous System
Objectives
Key Terms
Chemistry of the Brain
Anatomy and Physiology
Radiopharmaceuticals
Planar and SPECT Imaging Tracers
Imaging Techniques and Protocols
Clinical PET and SPECT Studies
Summary
References
Chapter 15: Endocrine System
Objectives
Key Terms
Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid Cancer
Neuroendocrine System
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
Summary
References
Chapter 16: Respiratory System
Objectives
Key Terms
Normal Anatomy and Physiology
Pathophysiology
Perfusion Imaging
Ventilation Imaging
Ventilation-Perfusion Studies
Summary
References
Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System
Objectives
Key Terms
Clinical Problem
Anatomy
Physiology
Radionuclide Imaging Considerations
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Positron Emission Tomography of The Heart
Radionuclide Evaluation of Ventricular Function
Imaging Cardiac Neurotransmission
Summary
Reference
Suggested Reading
Chapter 18: Gastrointestinal System
Objectives
Key Terms
Salivary Glands
Oropharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Bowel and Colon
Intestinal Tract
Liver and Spleen
Gallbladder
Breath Testing with 14C-labeled Compounds
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 19: Genitourinary System
Objectives
Key Terms
Anatomy
Physiology
Radiopharmaceuticals
Radionuclide Procedures
Testicular Imaging
Measurement of Effective Renal Plasma Flow and the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Summary
References
Chapter 20: Skeletal System
Objectives
Key Terms
Composition of Bone
Gross Structure of Bone
Skeleton
Joints
Radionuclide Imaging
Instrumentation
Spot Views
Whole-Body Imaging
SPECT Imaging
Clinical Aspects
Other Uses for Bone Imaging
Summary
References
Suggested Reading
Chapter 21: Hematopoietic System
Objectives
Key Terms
Blood
Blood Components
Isotopic Labeling of Cellular Elements
Platelet Kinetics
Erythrokinetics
Measurement of Absorption and Serum Levels of Essential Nutrients
Summary
References
Chapter 22: Inflammatory/Tumor/Oncology Imaging and Therapy
Objectives
Key Terms
Inflammatory Imaging
Tumor Imaging
Lymphoscintigraphy
Therapy
Summary
References
Chapter 23: Pediatric Imaging
Objectives
Key Terms
Technical Considerations
Clinical Applications
Endocrine
Potential Pitfalls in Pediatric Pet
Summary
References
Radionuclides and Radiopharmaceutical Form Used in Clinical Nuclear Medicine
Percentage Points and Chi-Square Distribution
Glossary
Answers to Mathematics and Statistics Review
Chapter 1
Illustration Credits
Index