โ Scribed by Lewis M. Haupt
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Mr. President and Members of the Institute :-Tunnels, like bridges, are engineering devices for overcoming physical obstacles to traffic.
Although of ancient origin their recent great development is the outcome of the demands of modern civilization resulting from the increase in population and commerce.
The advent of railroads in I827 gave an impetus to the building of tunnels to save time, distance and grade in the interchange of traffic. These "horizontal wells," as they were called, were excavated by hand labor, as they were comparatively short, but with the increase of tonnage and demands for greater economy in cost and time, more pretentious enter-*Revised for publication.
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