Nonlinear Optics and Photonics

✍ Scribed by Guang S. He

• Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
• Year: 2014
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 667
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive presentation on most of the major topics in nonlinear optics and photonics, with equal emphasis on principles, experiments, techniques, and applications. It covers many major new topics including optical solitons, multi-photon effects, nonlinear photoelectric effects, fast and slow light, and Terahertz photonics.

Chapters 1-10 present the fundamentals of modern nonlinear optics, and could be used as a textbook with problems provided at the end of each chapter. Chapters 11-17 cover the more advanced topics of techniques and applications of nonlinear optics and photonics, serving as a highly informative reference for researchers and experts working in related areas. There are also 16 pages of color photographs to illustrate the visual appearances of some typical nonlinear optical effects and phenomena.

The book could be adopted as a textbook for both undergraduates and graduate students, and serve as a useful reference work for researchers and experts in the fields of physics, quantum electronics, and laser technology.

To request a copy of the Solutions Manual, visit: //global.oup.com/uk/academic/physics/ad...

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Preface
Contents
Plates
1 Introduction
1.1 Conventional optics and nonlinear optics
1.2 Major topics of nonlinear optics and photonics
1.3 Characterization of intense coherent optical field
1.3.1 Intensity and brightness
1.3.2 Spatial and temporal coherence
1.3.3 Photon mode and degeneracy
1.4 Two theoretical regimes
1.4.1 Semiclassical theory
1.4.2 Quantum theory of radiation
1.5 Applicability of the two theories in nonlinear optics and photonics
2 Nonlinear Polarization of an Optical Medium
2.1 Optical field-induced electric polarization in a medium
2.2 Various mechanisms causing nonlinear polarization in a medium
2.3 Manipulation of nonlinear susceptibilities
2.4 Basic properties of nonlinear susceptibilities
2.4.1 Relative magnitude of various orders of susceptibilities
2.4.2 Spatial-symmetry restrictions on susceptibilities
2.4.3 Resonance enhancement of susceptibilities
2.4.4 Permutation symmetry of susceptibilities
2.4.5 Complex conjugation and time-reversal symmetry of susceptibilities
2.5 Nonlinear coupled-wave equations
2.6 Complex expressions of optical wave fields
3 Second-Order Nonlinear (Three-Wave) Frequency Mixing
3.1 Second-harmonic generation (SHG)
3.1.1 Quantum description of the mechanism of SHG
3.1.2 Semiclassical description of SHG
3.1.3 Nonlinear crystals for SHG
3.1.4 SHG devices
3.2 Optical sum- and difference-frequency generation
3.2.1 Optical sum-frequency generation
3.2.2 Optical difference-frequency generation
3.3 Optical parametric amplification and oscillation
3.3.1 General description
3.3.2 Solutions of coupled-wave equations
3.3.3 Experimental devices
3.4 Special second-harmonic generation
3.4.1 Other materials for SHG
3.4.2 SHG from surfaces and interfaces
4 Third-Order Nonlinear (Four-Wave) Frequency Mixing
4.1 Various FWFM processes
4.2 Third-harmonic generation (THG)
4.2.1 Basic theoretical descriptions
4.2.2 Phase-matching methods for THG
4.2.3 Resonance enhancement of THG
4.2.4 Materials and devices for THG and third-order sum-frequency generation
4.3 Raman-enhanced FWFM
4.3.1 Coherent Stokes- and anti-Stokes ring emission
4.3.2 Raman-enhanced FWFM using two incident beams with a small crossing angle
4.4 Special non-resonant four-photon parametric interaction effects
4.4.1 Continuum generation via four-photon parametric interaction
4.4.2 Frequency-degenerate four-photon parametric interaction
4.5 Second-harmonic generation (SHG) via third-order nonlinear processes
4.5.1 Electric field-induced SHG
4.5.2 SHG in optical fibers
5 Induced Refractive-Index Changes
5.1 Description of refractive index in linear optics
5.2 Description of refractive index in nonlinear optics
5.3 Two-beam induced refractive-index changes
5.4 Two-photon resonance enhanced refractive-index change
5.5 Raman resonance enhanced refractive-index change
5.6 Mechanisms of induced refractive-index changes
5.6.1 Various mechanisms of induced refractive-index changes
5.6.2 Molecular reorientation contribution
5.6.3 Optical electrostriction contribution
5.6.4 Temporal responses of induced refractive-index changes
5.7 Second-order nonlinearity induced refractive-index change (optical Pockels effect)
6 Self-Focusing, Self-Phase Modulation, and Spectral Self-Broadening
6.1 Basic theory of the self-focusing effect
6.1.1 General description
6.1.2 Induced waveguide model of self-trapping
6.1.3 Theory of steady-state self-focusing
6.1.4 Another empirical formula for steady-state self-focusing
6.1.5 Dynamic self-focusing process
6.2 Direct observation of self-focusing effect
6.3 Self-phase modulation and spectral self-broadening
6.3.1 Self-phase modulation and frequency chirp of intense short light pulses
6.3.2 Spectral self-broadening of intense short light pulses
6.3.3 Beat-frequency enhanced spectral self-broadening
6.4 Optical coherent continuum generation
6.4.1 White-light continuum generation with ultrashort laser pulses
6.4.2 Experimental observation of coherent continuum generation
6.4.3 Applications of coherent continuum generation
7 Stimulated Scattering of Intense Coherent Light
7.1 Introduction to light scattering
7.1.1 Origins of light scattering
7.1.2 Classification of light scattering
7.1.3 Differences between spontaneous and stimulated scattering
7.2 Theory of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)
7.2.1 Quantum-electrodynamical description of Raman scattering
7.2.2 Probabilities of spontaneous and stimulated Raman scattering
7.2.3 Gain coefficient and threshold condition
7.3 Experimental studies of SRS
7.3.1 Raman media and experimental setups
7.3.2 Experimental properties of SRS
7.3.3 Four-wave frequency mixing (FWFM) in SRS experiments
7.3.4 Spin-flip, electronic, and rotational SRS effects
7.4 Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
7.4.1 Fundamental description of Brillouin scattering
7.4.2 Equations of interaction between light and acoustic field
7.4.3 Solution of coupled equations and gain coefficient of SBS
7.4.4 Materials and experimental setups for SBS studies
7.4.5 Major issues of experimental studies on SBS
7.5 Stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS)
7.5.1 Stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering
7.5.2 Discovery of a super-broadband stimulated scattering
7.5.3 Physical model of Rayleigh–Kerr and Raman–Kerr scattering
7.5.4 Cross-section of Kerr scattering
7.5.5 Exponential gain of SKS
7.5.6 Experimental studies of forward SKS
7.5.7 Experimental studies of backward SKS
7.6 Stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg scattering (SRBS)
7.6.1 Early studies of stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering in a linearly absorbing medium
7.6.2 Finding of frequency-unshifted backward stimulated scattering in a two-photon absorbing medium
7.6.3 Physical model of SRBS
7.6.4 Threshold requirement of SRBS
7.6.5 Experimental results of SRBS in multi-photon absorbing media
7.7 Stimulated Mie scattering (SMS)
7.7.1 Spontaneous and stimulated Mie scattering
7.7.2 SMS in metallic nanoparticle suspensions
7.7.3 SMS in semiconductor nanoparticle suspensions
8 Optical Phase Conjugation
8.1 Definitions and features of PCWs
8.1.1 Introduction to optical phase conjugation
8.1.2 Definitions of backward PCWs
8.1.3 Special capability of optical PCWs
8.2 PCW generation via nonlinear wave mixing
8.2.1 Backward PCW generation via degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM)
8.2.2 Holographic model of backward PCW generation via degenerate FWM
8.2.3 Forward PCW generation via FWM and three-wave mixing
8.2.4 Experimental studies of backward PCW generation via FWM
8.3 PCW generation via backward stimulated scattering
8.3.1 Findings of phase-conjugation behavior of backward stimulated scattering
8.3.2 Experimental studies on phase-conjugation properties of different types of backward stimulated scattering
8.3.3 Theoretical explanations: quasi-collinear FWM model
8.3.4 Theoretical treatment in unfocused-beam approximation
8.4 PCW generation via backward stimulated emission (lasing)
8.4.1 Mechanism of generating phase-conjugate backward stimulated emission
8.4.2 Experimental studies on PCW generation via backward stimulated emission
8.5 Applications of optical phase conjugation
8.5.1 Applications in special laser-device systems
8.5.2 Applications in high-speed and long-distance optical fiber communication systems
9 Nonlinear and Ultrahigh Resolution Laser Spectroscopy
9.1 Major mechanisms of spectral broadening
9.1.1 Doppler broadening of the gaseous medium
9.1.2 Collision broadening of the gaseous medium
9.1.3 Transit-time broadening
9.1.4 Second-order (transverse) Doppler broadening
9.1.5 Recoil broadening
9.1.6 Influence from laser spectral linewidth
9.2 Saturation spectroscopy
9.2.1 General description of the saturated-absorption effect
9.2.2 Basic theoretical considerations
9.2.3 Experimental setups and results
9.2.4 Crossover resonances in saturation spectroscopy
9.3 Two-photon absorption spectroscopy
9.3.1 General description
9.3.2 Theoretical considerations of 2PA
9.3.3 Experimental studies
9.4 Coherent Raman spectroscopy
9.4.1 General description
9.4.2 Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS)
9.4.3 Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (RIKES)
9.4.4 Raman gain spectroscopy (RGS) and inverse Raman spectroscopy (IRS)
9.5 Laser polarization spectroscopy
9.5.1 Doppler-free saturated-absorption polarization spectroscopy
9.5.2 CARS polarization spectroscopy
9.5.3 Polarization labeling molecular spectroscopy
9.6 Laser cooling and trapping spectroscopy
9.6.1 Principles of laser cooling and trapping
9.6.2 Techniques for laser cooling and trapping
9.6.3 Ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy using laser cooling and trapping techniques
10 Optical Coherent Transient Effects
10.1 Coherent transient interaction of intense light with a resonant medium
10.2 Self-induced transparency
10.2.1 Definition of 2π-pulse and self-induced transparency
10.2.2 Shape and speed of the 2π-pulse
10.2.3 Experimental studies of self-induced transparency
10.3 Photon echo effect
10.3.1 Concept of photon echo
10.3.2 Theoretical description of photon echo
10.3.3 Experimental studies of photon echo
10.4 Optical nutation effect
10.4.1 Conceptual description
10.4.2 Optical Bloch equation
10.4.3 Solution for optical nutation effect
10.4.4 Experimental studies of optical nutation
10.5 Optical free induction decay effect
11 Optical Bistability
11.1 Basic consideration of a nonlinear F-P etalon
11.1.1 Background of optical bistability studies
11.1.2 Theory of steady-state optical bistability
11.1.3 Dynamic response of a nonlinear F-P etalon
11.2 Design of optical bistability experiments
11.2.1 Influences of spatial and spectral structures of the incident laser beam
11.2.2 Standard setup for experimental studies
11.3 Experimental studies of optical bistability
11.3.1 Early observations of optical bistable effects
11.3.2 Nonlinear materials for optical bistable devices
11.3.3 Semiconductor bistable devices
11.3.4 Optical waveguide bistable devices
11.3.5 Transient and thermal optical bistability
11.4 Recent development of bistability studies
12 Optical Temporal Solitons
12.1 Conditions for temporal soliton formation
12.1.1 Group velocity and group velocity dispersion (GVD)
12.1.2 Refractive index and GVD of silica glass
12.1.3 Balance between GVD and self-phase modulation in a nonlinear medium
12.2 Basic properties of temporal solitons
12.2.1 Wave equation governing pulse propagation in a nonlinear dispersive medium
12.2.2 Solitary solutions of nonlinear wave equation in optical fiber systems
12.2.3 Experimental observation of temporal solitons in optical fibers
12.2.4 Soliton-like pulse formation in n2 < 0 nonlinear media with positive GVD
12.2.5 Long-distance transmission of temporal solitons in fibers
12.3 Pulse narrowing and self-frequency shift of temporal solitons
12.3.1 Pulse narrowing of higher-order temporal solitons through a shorter fiber
12.4 Fiber soliton lasers
12.4.1 Principles of soliton lasers
12.4.2 Original version of soliton lasers
12.4.3 Rare earth-doped fiber soliton lasers
12.4.4 Fiber Raman soliton lasers
13 Optical Spatial Solitons
13.1 Definition of spatial bright and dark solitons
13.2 Formation of bright spatial solitons
13.2.1 Nonlinear materials for spatial soliton formation
13.2.2 Spatial soliton formation in generalized Kerr-type nonlinear media
13.2.3 Spatial soliton formation in second-order nonlinear crystals
13.2.4 Spatial soliton formation in liquid crystals
13.2.5 Spatial soliton formation in photorefractive crystals
13.2.6 Formation of spiraling spatial solitons
13.3 Formation of dark spatial solitons
13.4 Spatial soliton interactions and applications
13.4.1 General features of spatial soliton interactions
13.4.2 Soliton interactions in Kerr-type media
13.4.3 Soliton interactions in second-order nonlinear crystals
13.4.4 Soliton interactions in PR media
14 Multi-Photon Nonlinear Optical Effects
14.1 Description of multi-photon absorption (MPA)
14.1.1 Introduction to MPA studies
14.1.2 Mechanisms of MPA
14.1.3 Formulations of MPA-induced light attenuation
14.1.4 Theoretical expression of 2PA cross-section
14.2 Highly multi-photon absorbing materials
14.2.1 Need for highly multi-photon active materials
14.2.2 Basic structures of multi-photon active chromophores
14.2.3 Features of novel multi-photon active materials
14.3 Characterizations of MPA materials
14.3.1 Selection of excitation wavelengths
14.3.2 Measurement of MPA cross-section at discrete wavelengths
14.3.3 Saturation effect of MPA in the sub-picosecond regime
14.3.4 Measurements of MPA spectra
14.3.5 Characterization of MPA-induced fluorescence emission
14.4 Multi-photon pumped (MPP) frequency upconversion lasing
14.4.1 General features of MPP lasing materials and devices
14.4.2 Two-photon pumped (2PP) cavity lasing
14.4.3 Three- to five-photon pumped lasing
14.5 MPA-based optical limiting, stabilization, and reshaping
14.5.1 Principles of optical limiting
14.5.2 MPA-based optical limiting
14.5.3 MPA-based optical stabilization
14.5.4 MPA-based optical reshaping
14.6 3D data storage and microfabrication based on multi-photon excitation (MPE)
14.6.1 Common features of MPE for data storage and microfabrication
14.6.2 3D data storage in two-photon active materials
14.6.3 Two-photon polymerization-based 3D microfabrication
15 Nonlinear Photoelectric Effects
15.1 Introduction to photoelectric effects
15.1.1 One-photon photoemission effect
15.1.2 Electronic band structures of solids
15.1.3 One-photon induced photoconductivity in semiconductors
15.1.4 Image-potential states (IPSs) of an electron at a metal surface
15.2 Multi-photon photoemission (MPPE) effects
15.2.1 Early observations of MPPE phenomena
15.2.2 Resonance-enhanced MPPE effects
15.2.3 MPPE studies on clean and/or adsorbing metal surfaces
15.3 Multi-photon photoconductivity (MPPC) effects
15.3.1 Mechanisms of multi-photon induced photoconductivity
15.3.2 Observations of MPPC effects in semiconductors and dielectric media
15.3.3 2PPC-based spectroscopic studies on semiconductors
15.3.4 MPPC-based autocorrelation measurements of ultrashort laser pulses
15.3.5 Other related studies
16 Fast and Slow Light
16.1 Definitions of light speeds
16.1.1 Phase velocity of a monochromatic light
16.1.2 Group velocity of a quasi-monochromatic light pulse
16.2 Group velocity in a resonant medium
16.2.1 Complex refractive index of an absorbing medium
16.2.2 Group refractive index of an absorbing medium
16.2.3 Group velocity of a light pulse in an absorbing medium
16.2.4 Group velocity in a gain medium
16.3 Fast/slow light propagation in a resonant medium
16.3.1 Features of light pulse propagation in a resonant medium
16.3.2 Light propagation versus causality and special relativity
16.3.3 Methods of creating fast and slow light propagation
16.4 Studies on fast light effects
16.4.1 Fast light in linear absorbing media
16.4.2 Fast light in double-line gain media
16.4.3 Fast light in induced absorption systems
16.4.4 Backward motion of a pulse peak inside a fast light medium
16.5 Studies on slow light effects
16.5.1 Slow light based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
16.5.2 Slow light based on absorption saturation or coherent population oscillations
16.5.3 Light pulses halted (stored) in an EIT medium
16.5.4 Slow light effect in a Raman gain medium
16.5.5 Slow light effect in a Brillouin gain medium
16.5.6 Slow/fast light effects in a semiconductor absorber/amplifier or a fiber amplifier
17 Terahertz Nonlinear Photonics
17.1 THz generation via optical rectification
17.1.1 Principle of generating THz radiation in a second-order nonlinear crystal
17.1.2 Experiments on THz generation in second-order nonlinear materials
17.1.3 THz generation via four-wave mixing in plasmas
17.2 THz detection using nonlinear optical methods
17.2.1 THz detection via electro-optic (EO) sampling
17.2.2 THz detection via FWM
17.3 Nonlinear optical applications of strong THz fields
17.3.1 Nonlinear phase modulation with intense single-cycle THz pulses
17.3.2 Strong-field THz-induced nonlinear absorption in semiconductors
18 Detailed Theory of Nonlinear Susceptibilities
18.1 Density matrix and interaction energy
18.1.1 Basic equations of the density matrix
18.1.2 Expression for interaction energy
18.2 Expressions for susceptibilities based on density matrix solutions
18.2.1 Solutions of density matrix equations
18.2.2 Explicit formulations of various-order susceptibilities
18.3 Properties of nonlinear susceptibilities
18.3.1 Local-field corrections
18.3.2 Spatial symmetry
18.3.3 Permutation symmetry and time-reversal symmetry of susceptibilities
18.4 Resonance enhancement of nonlinear susceptibilities
18.4.1 Introduction
18.4.2 Resonance enhancement of the first- and second-order susceptibilities
18.4.3 Resonance enhancement of the third-order susceptibility
18.5 Quantum-mechanical expressions for nonlinear susceptibilities
18.5.1 Validity of quantum-mechanical expressions for nonlinear susceptibilities
18.5.2 Born–Oppenheimer approximation for nonlinear susceptibilities of a molecular medium
Appendices
Appendix 1 Physical Constants Commonly Used in Nonlinear Optics
Appendix 2 Numerical Estimates and Conversion of Units
Appendix 3 Tensor Elements of the Linear Susceptibility for Crystals and other Media
Appendix 4 Tensor Elements of the Second-Order Susceptibility for Various Crystal Classes
Appendix 5 Tensor Elements of the Susceptibility of Second-Harmonic Generation for Various Crystal Classes
Appendix 6 Tensor Elements of the Third-Order Susceptibility for Crystals and other Media
Appendix 7 Tensor Elements of the Nuclear Third-Order Susceptibility in the Born–Oppenheimer Approximation
Appendix 8 Derivation of Formulae for Self-Induced Transparency of a 2π-Pulse
Index