Nonlinear Fiber Optics

✍ Scribed by Govind P. Agrawal

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 717
• Edition: 6
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Sixth Edition, provides an up-to-date accounting of the nonlinear phenomena occurring inside optical fibers in telecommunications infrastructure and in the medical field. This new edition includes a general update to reflect the most recent research, extensive updates to chapter 13 on Supercontinuum Generation that reflect the use of chalcogenide fibers that extend Supercontinuum into the mid-infrared region, and a new chapter devoted to the nonlinear optics of multimode and multicore fibers. This book is ideal for researchers and graduate students in photonics, optical engineering and communication engineering.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Author biography
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical perspective
1.2 Fiber characteristics
1.2.1 Material and fabrication
1.2.2 Fiber losses
1.2.3 Chromatic dispersion
1.2.4 Polarization-mode dispersion
1.3 Fiber nonlinearities
1.3.1 Nonlinear refraction
1.3.2 Stimulated inelastic scattering
1.3.3 Importance of nonlinear effects
1.4 Overview
Problems
References
2 Pulse propagation in fibers
2.1 Maxwell's equations
2.2 Fiber modes
2.2.1 Eigenvalue equation
2.2.2 Characteristics of the fundamental mode
2.3 Pulse-propagation equation
2.3.1 Nonlinear wave equation
2.3.2 Higher-order nonlinear effects
2.3.3 Raman response function and its impact
2.4 Numerical methods
2.4.1 Split-step Fourier method
2.4.2 Finite-difference methods
Problems
References
3 Group-velocity dispersion
3.1 Different propagation regimes
3.2 Dispersion-induced pulse broadening
3.2.1 Gaussian pulses
3.2.2 Chirped Gaussian pulses
3.2.3 Hyperbolic secant pulses
3.2.4 Super-Gaussian pulses
3.2.5 Experimental results
3.3 Third-order dispersion
3.3.1 Chirped Gaussian pulses
3.3.2 Broadening factor
3.3.3 Ultrashort-pulse measurements
3.4 Dispersion management
3.4.1 Dispersion compensation
3.4.2 Compensation of third-order dispersion
3.4.3 Dispersion-varying fibers
Problems
References
4 Self-phase modulation
4.1 SPM-induced spectral changes
4.1.1 Nonlinear phase shift
4.1.2 Changes in pulse spectra
4.1.3 Effect of pulse shape and initial chirp
4.1.4 Effect of partial coherence
4.2 Effect of group-velocity dispersion
4.2.1 Pulse evolution
4.2.2 Broadening factor
4.2.3 Optical wave breaking
4.2.4 Experimental results
4.2.5 Effect of third-order dispersion
4.2.6 SPM effects in fiber amplifiers
4.3 Semianalytic techniques
4.3.1 Moment method
4.3.2 Variational method
4.3.3 Specific analytic solutions
4.4 Higher-order nonlinear effects
4.4.1 Self-steepening
4.4.2 Effect of GVD on optical shocks
4.4.3 Intrapulse Raman scattering
Problems
References
5 Optical solitons
5.1 Modulation instability
5.1.1 Linear stability analysis
5.1.2 Gain spectrum
5.1.3 Experimental observation
5.1.4 Ultrashort pulse generation
5.1.5 Impact of loss and third-order dispersion
5.1.6 Spatial modulation of fiber parameters
5.2 Fiber solitons
5.2.1 Inverse scattering method
5.2.2 Fundamental soliton
5.2.3 Second and higher-order solitons
5.2.4 Experimental confirmation
5.2.5 Soliton stability
5.3 Other types of solitons
5.3.1 Dark solitons
5.3.2 Bistable solitons
5.3.3 Dispersion-managed solitons
5.3.4 Optical similaritons
5.4 Perturbation of solitons
5.4.1 Perturbation methods
5.4.2 Fiber loss
5.4.3 Soliton amplification
5.4.4 Soliton interaction
5.5 Higher-order effects
5.5.1 Moment equations for pulse parameters
5.5.2 Third-order dispersion
5.5.3 Self-steepening
5.5.4 Intrapulse Raman scattering
5.6 Propagation of femtosecond pulses
Problems
References
6 Polarization effects
6.1 Nonlinear birefringence
6.1.1 Origin of nonlinear birefringence
6.1.2 Coupled-mode equations
6.1.3 Elliptically birefringent fibers
6.2 Nonlinear phase shift
6.2.1 Nondispersive XPM
6.2.2 Optical Kerr effect
6.2.3 Pulse shaping
6.3 Evolution of polarization state
6.3.1 Analytic solution
6.3.2 Poincaré-sphere representation
6.3.3 Polarization instability
6.3.4 Polarization chaos
6.4 Vector modulation instability
6.4.1 Low-birefringence fibers
6.4.2 High-birefringence fibers
6.4.3 Isotropic fibers
6.4.4 Experimental results
6.5 Birefringence and solitons
6.5.1 Low-birefringence fibers
6.5.2 High-birefringence fibers
6.5.3 Soliton-dragging logic gates
6.5.4 Vector solitons
6.6 Higher-order effects
6.6.1 Extended coupled-mode equations
6.6.2 Impact of TOD and Raman nonlinearity
6.6.3 Interaction of two vector solitons
6.7 Random birefringence
6.7.1 Polarization-mode dispersion
6.7.2 Vector form of the NLS equation
6.7.3 Effects of PMD on solitons
Problems
References
7 Cross-phase modulation
7.1 XPM-induced nonlinear coupling
7.1.1 Nonlinear refractive index
7.1.2 Coupled NLS equations
7.2 XPM-induced modulation instability
7.2.1 Linear stability analysis
7.2.2 Experimental results
7.3 XPM-paired solitons
7.3.1 Bright-dark soliton pair
7.3.2 Bright-gray soliton pair
7.3.3 Periodic solutions
7.3.4 Multiple coupled NLS equations
7.4 Spectral and temporal effects
7.4.1 Asymmetric spectral broadening
7.4.2 Asymmetric temporal changes
7.4.3 Higher-order nonlinear effects
7.5 Applications of XPM
7.5.1 XPM-induced pulse compression
7.5.2 XPM-induced optical switching
7.5.3 XPM-induced wavelength conversion
7.6 Polarization effects
7.6.1 Vector theory of XPM
7.6.2 Polarization evolution
7.6.3 Polarization-dependent spectral broadening
7.6.4 Pulse trapping and compression
7.6.5 XPM-induced wave breaking
7.7 XPM effects in birefringent fibers
7.7.1 Fibers with low birefringence
7.7.2 Fibers with high birefringence
7.8 Two counterpropagating waves
Problems
References
8 Stimulated Raman scattering
8.1 Basic concepts
8.1.1 Raman-gain spectrum
8.1.2 Raman threshold
8.1.3 Coupled amplitude equations
8.1.4 Effect of four-wave mixing
8.2 Quasi-continuous SRS
8.2.1 Single-pass Raman generation
8.2.2 Raman fiber lasers
8.2.3 Raman fiber amplifiers
8.2.4 Raman-induced crosstalk
8.3 SRS with short pump pulses
8.3.1 Pulse-propagation equations
8.3.2 Nondispersive case
8.3.3 Effects of GVD
8.3.4 Raman-induced index changes
8.3.5 Experimental results
8.3.6 Synchronously pumped Raman lasers
8.3.7 Short-pulse Raman amplification
8.4 Soliton effects
8.4.1 Raman solitons
8.4.2 Raman soliton lasers
8.4.3 Soliton-effect pulse compression
8.5 Polarization effects
8.5.1 Vector theory of Raman amplification
8.5.2 PMD effects on Raman amplification
Problems
References
9 Stimulated Brillouin scattering
9.1 Basic concepts
9.1.1 Physical process
9.1.2 Brillouin-gain spectrum
9.2 Quasi-CW SBS
9.2.1 Brillouin threshold
9.2.2 Polarization effects
9.2.3 Techniques for controlling the SBS threshold
9.2.4 Experimental results
9.3 Brillouin fiber amplifiers
9.3.1 Gain saturation
9.3.2 Amplifier design and applications
9.4 SBS dynamics
9.4.1 Coupled amplitude equations
9.4.2 SBS with Q-switched pulses
9.4.3 SBS-induced index changes
9.4.4 Relaxation oscillations
9.4.5 Modulation instability and chaos
9.5 Brillouin fiber lasers
9.5.1 CW operation
9.5.2 Pulsed operation
Problems
References
10 Four-wave mixing
10.1 Origin of four-wave mixing
10.2 Theory of four-wave mixing
10.2.1 Coupled amplitude equations
10.2.2 Approximate solution
10.2.3 Effect of phase matching
10.2.4 Ultrafast four-wave mixing
10.3 Phase-matching techniques
10.3.1 Physical mechanisms
10.3.2 Nearly phase-matched four-wave mixing
10.3.3 Phase matching near the zero-dispersion wavelength
10.3.4 Phase matching through self-phase modulation
10.3.5 Phase matching in birefringent fibers
10.4 Parametric amplification
10.4.1 Review of early work
10.4.2 Gain spectrum and its bandwidth
10.4.3 Single-pump configuration
10.4.4 Dual-pump configuration
10.4.5 Effects of pump depletion
10.5 Polarization effects
10.5.1 Vector theory of four-wave mixing
10.5.2 Polarization dependence of parametric gain
10.5.3 Linearly and circularly polarized pumps
10.5.4 Effect of residual fiber birefringence
10.6 Applications of four-wave mixing
10.6.1 Parametric amplifiers and wavelength converters
10.6.2 Tunable fiber-optic parametric oscillators
10.6.3 Ultrafast signal processing
10.6.4 Quantum correlation and noise squeezing
10.6.5 Phase-sensitive amplification
Problems
References
11 Highly nonlinear fibers
11.1 Nonlinear parameter
11.1.1 Units and values of n2
11.1.2 SPM-based techniques
11.1.3 XPM-based technique
11.1.4 FWM-based technique
11.1.5 Variations in n2 values
11.2 Fibers with silica cladding
11.3 Tapered fibers with air cladding
11.4 Microstructured fibers
11.4.1 Design and fabrication
11.4.2 Modal and dispersive properties
11.4.3 Hollow-core photonic crystal fibers
11.4.4 Bragg fibers
11.5 Non-silica fibers
11.5.1 Lead-silicate fibers
11.5.2 Chalcogenide fibers
11.5.3 Bismuth-oxide fibers
11.6 Theory of narrow-core fibers
Problems
References
12 Novel nonlinear phenomena
12.1 Soliton fission and dispersive waves
12.1.1 Fission of second- and higher-order solitons
12.1.2 Generation of dispersive waves
12.2 Intrapulse Raman scattering
12.2.1 Enhanced RIFS through soliton fission
12.2.2 Cross-correlation technique
12.2.3 Wavelength tuning through RIFS
12.2.4 Effects of birefringence
12.2.5 Suppression of Raman-induced frequency shifts
12.2.6 Soliton dynamics near a zero-dispersion wavelength
12.2.7 Multipeak Raman solitons
12.3 Frequency combs and cavity solitons
12.3.1 CW-pumped ring cavities
12.3.2 Nonlinear dynamics of ring cavities
12.3.3 Frequency combs without a cavity
12.4 Second-harmonic generation
12.4.1 Physical mechanisms
12.4.2 Thermal poling and quasi-phase matching
12.4.3 SHG theory
12.5 Third-harmonic generation
12.5.1 THG in highly nonlinear fibers
12.5.2 Effects of group-velocity mismatch
12.5.3 Effects of fiber birefringence
Problems
References
13 Supercontinuum generation
13.1 Pumping with picosecond pulses
13.1.1 Nonlinear mechanisms
13.1.2 Experimental progress after 2000
13.2 Pumping with femtosecond pulses
13.3 Temporal and spectral evolution of pulses
13.3.1 Numerical modeling of supercontinuum
13.3.2 Role of cross-phase modulation
13.3.3 XPM-induced trapping
13.3.4 Role of four-wave mixing
13.4 CW or quasi-CW pumping
13.4.1 Nonlinear mechanisms
13.4.2 Experimental results
13.5 Polarization effects
13.6 Coherence properties
13.6.1 Effect of pump coherence
13.6.2 Spectral incoherent solitons
13.6.3 Techniques for improving spectral coherence
13.7 Ultraviolet and mid-infrared supercontinua
13.7.1 Extension into ultraviolet region
13.7.2 Extension into mid-infrared region
13.8 Optical rogue waves
13.8.1 L-shaped statistics of pulse-to-pulse fluctuations
13.8.2 Techniques for controlling rogue-wave statistics
13.8.3 Modulation instability revisited
Problems
References
14 Multimode fibers
14.1 Modes of optical fibers
14.1.1 Step-index fibers
14.1.2 Graded-index fibers
14.1.3 Multicore fibers
14.1.4 Excitation of fiber modes
14.2 Nonlinear pulse propagation
14.2.1 Multimode propagation equations
14.2.2 Few-mode fibers
14.2.3 Random linear mode coupling
14.2.4 Graded-index fibers
14.3 Modulation instability and solitons
14.3.1 Modulation instability
14.3.2 Multimode solitons
14.3.3 Solitons in specific fiber modes
14.4 Intermodal nonlinear phenomena
14.4.1 Intermodal FWM
14.4.2 Intermodal SRS
14.4.3 Intermodal SBS
14.5 Spatio-temporal dynamics
14.5.1 Spatial beam cleanup
14.5.2 Supercontinuum generation
14.6 Multicore fibers
Problems
References
A System of units
B Nonlinear response of fibers
References
C Derivation of the generalized NLS equation
D Numerical code for the NLS equation
E List of acronyms
Index