Preface
Level of the Book
Organization of the Book
Method of Presentation
Prerequisites
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
Part I Modeling of Engineering Design Problems
1 Improved Theoretical and Numerical Approaches for Solving Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamental Theory
1.2.1 Piecewise Constant Argument
1.2.2 Laplace Transformation and Residues Principle
1.2.3 The Periodicity Ratio of Nonautonomous Systems
1.2.4 The Periodicity Ratio of Autonomous Systems
1.3 Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Stiffness Coupling Systems
1.3.1 Stiffness Coupling System
1.3.2 Stiffness and Damping Coupling System
1.3.3 Stiffness and Damping Coupling System with External Excitation
1.3.4 Convergence Analysis of the PL Method
1.4 Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Inertial Coupling Systems
1.4.1 Undamped Inertial Coupling System
1.4.2 Damped Inertial Coupling System
1.4.3 Forced and Damped Inertial Coupling System
1.4.4 Convergence Analysis of the PL Method
1.5 Diagnosing Irregularities of Nonlinear Systems
1.5.1 Nonlinear Nonautonomous System
1.5.2 Nonlinear Autonomous System
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Novel Predictor-Corrector Formulations for Solving Nonlinear Initial Value Problems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Bezier Curves
2.3 Multistep Method
2.4 Methodology
2.5 Stability Analysis
2.6 Numerical Experiments
2.6.1 Duffing Equation
2.6.2 Van Der Pol Equation
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Control of Nonhyperbolic Dynamical Systems Through Center Manifold Control
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Control of Dynamical Systems with Nonhyperbolic Equilibrium Points
3.3 Conclusions
References
4 Linear and Nonlinear Aspects of Space Charge Phenomena
Abbreviations
Nomenclature
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Spacecraft Charging Effects on Dielectric Materials
4.3 Space Charge Behavior of Dielectric Nanocomposites
4.4 Mitigation Methods
4.4.1 Active Mitigation Methods
4.4.2 Passive Mitigation Methods
4.5 Impact of Space Radiation on Ionic Materials
4.6 Nonlinear Phenomena in Space Charge
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Inertial Morphing as a Novel Concept in Attitude Control and Design of Variable Agility Acrobatic Autonomous Spacecraft
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background
5.2.1 Discovery of the “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect” in Space
5.2.2 Demonstrations of the “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect” on-Board of the ISS
5.2.3 Leonard Euler and His Famous Equations for the Rigid-Body Dynamics
5.3 Numerical Modelling and Simulation of the “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect”
5.3.1 Equations of Motion
5.3.2 Programming Considerations
5.3.3 Non-dimensional Formulation of the Equations
5.3.4 Numerical Simulation of the “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect”: Illustration Case
5.4 Calculation of the Period of the Flipping Motion
5.4.1 Influence of the Value of the Angular Velocity y of the Predominant Spin on the Period T of the Flipping Motion
5.4.2 Influence of the Value of the Period T of the Flipping Motion on the Angular Velocity y of the Predominant Spin
5.5 Geometric Interpretation of the 3D Rotational Dynamics of Rigid Objects
5.5.1 General Comments
5.5.2 Angular Momentum Sphere
5.5.3 Utilisation Angular Momentum Sphere and Its Feasible Godographs for the Non-dimensional Angular Momentum Vector as Strategic Basis for the Methods of Attitude Control of the Rotating Systems
5.5.4 Polhodes on the Angular Momentum Sphere
5.5.5 Kinetic Energy Ellipsoid
5.5.6 Polhodes on the Kinetic Energy Ellipsoids
5.5.7 Polhodes for Systems with Equal Moments of Inertia
5.6 Geometric Interpretation of the “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect”, Using Angular Momentum Sphere and Kinetic Energy Ellipsoid
5.6.1 Collocated Angular Momentum Sphere and Kinetic Energy Ellipsoid for the Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Flipping Motion Example
5.6.2 Conceptual Spacecraft Model, Based on the Flipping Motion
5.6.3 Investigating Orientation of the Sides of the Spacecraft Exposed to the Specific Directions
5.7 Proposing New Spacecraft Designs/Missions, Utilising Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect and Inertial Morphing
5.7.1 Proposing Method of “Switching ON/OFF” Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Spacecraft Flipping Motion by Controlled Inertial Morphing
5.7.2 Extending Euler's Equations for Rigid-Body Rotations, Allowing Variation of Moments of Inertia
5.7.3 Six-Mass Conceptual Model of the Spacecraft with Inertial Morphing Capabilities
5.7.4 Conceptual Example of the Morphed Spacecraft, Self-Transferring from Unstable Flipping Motion to Stable No-Flips Spin
5.7.5 Geometric Interpretation of the Cases, Where “Garriott's-Dzhanibekov's Effect” Is Controlled
5.7.5.1 Stopping Flipping Motion, Using One Inertial Morphing: Solution-1
5.7.5.2 Stopping Flipping Motion, Using One Inertial Morphing: Solution-2
5.8 Attitude Dynamics of Spacecraft with Inertial Morphing
5.8.1 Study Case-2: “Switching OFF” Flipping Motion of the Spacecraft After One Flip (Solution-1)
5.8.2 Study Case-3: “Switching OFF” Flipping Motion of the Spacecraft After One Flip (Solution-2)
5.8.3 Study Case-4: “Switching OFF” Flipping Motion of the Spacecraft After Two Flips (Solution-1)
5.8.4 Study Case-5: “Switching ON” Spacecraft Flipping Motion
5.8.5 Study Case-6: “Switching ON” Spacecraft Flipping Motion with Following One Flip and “Switching OFF”
5.8.6 Study Case-7: Control of the Frequency of the Flipping Motion via “Inertial Morphing”
5.9 Inertial Morphing and the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum
5.10 Inertial Morphing in Novel Designs of Acrobatic Spacecraft for 180 Degrees Inversions: Method of “Installing into Separatrix” with Pole-Separatrix-Pole Transfer
5.10.1 Applications of Acrobatic Missions
5.10.2 Illustrated Description of Application of IM for Thruster Direction Control
5.10.3 Fast 180 Degrees Inversion of the Spacecraft
5.10.4 Slow 180 Degrees Inversion of the Spacecraft (Figs. 5.44, 5.45 and 5.46)
5.11 Inertial Morphing in Novel Designs of Acrobatic Spacecraft for De-tumbling: Method of “Installing into Separatrix” with Polhode-Separatrix-Pole or Polhode-Polhode-Separatrix-Pole Transfer
5.11.1 Application of Inertial Morphing to the Tumbling Spacecraft Model: Observations
5.11.2 Formulation of the Conceptual Solution for De-tumbling of the Spacecraft, Using “Installing into Polhode” via “Polhode-to-Polhode” Transfer
5.11.3 Detailed Example on “Installing into Polhode” via “Polhode-to-Polhode” Transfer (Fig. 5.55)
5.11.4 Control Method of Installing into Separatrix Using Inertial Morphing: Geometric Interpretation
5.11.5 Control Method of Installing into Separatrix, Using Inertial Morphing: Selection of the IM Parameters and IM Activation Time
5.11.6 Example of the “Flipping”-Assisted Stabilisation (De-tumbling) of the Tumbling Spacecraft, Using Inertial Morphing
5.11.7 Reversing Vector of Angular Momentum on the Separatrix, Installing Its Godograph into the Same Separatrix
5.11.8 Summary of the Method of Installing of the Godograph of the Non-dimensional Vector of Angular Momentum of Tumbling Spacecraft into Conjugate Separatrix
5.12 Inertial Morphing in Novel Designs of Acrobatic Spacecraft for 90 Degrees Inversions: Method of “Installing into Separatrix” with Separatrix-to-Separatrix Transfer
5.13 Demo of Combined Multiphase Inertial Morphing: Consecutive “Parade” of All Three Orthogonal Inversions, Associated with x, y and z Body Axes
5.14 Enhancement of the Reorientation and Change of the Spin Axis Using Moment Wheel
5.15 Animations in Virtual Reality
5.16 Examples of the Conceptual Designs of the Inertially Morphed Systems
5.16.1 Example-1 Design, Involving “Six-Masses” Repositioned Along Body Axes
5.16.2 Example-2 Design: “Scissors” Model for Inertial Morphing
5.16.3 Example-3 Design: Rhombus Model for Inertial Morphing
5.16.4 Example-4 Design: Two Cylinders System
5.16.5 Suggestions on Some Practical Implementation of the Inertial Morphing
5.17 Conclusions
Appendixes
Nomenclature
Acronyms/Abbreviations
References
6 A New Strategy for Form Finding and Optimal Design of Space Cable Network Structures
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Problem Statement
6.2.1 Four Types of Structural Assemblies and Extended Maxwell's Rule
6.2.2 Cable Network, Tensegrity, and Truss Structures
6.2.3 Geometric and Force Constraints
6.2.4 Desired Internal Force Distribution
6.3 The Fixed Nodal Position Method for FF-IEC
6.3.1 Initial Guess of Geometric Configuration
6.3.2 Determination of Internal Force Distribution
6.3.3 Adaptation of Geometric Configuration
6.3.4 Procedure of the FNPM
6.4 Review of the Force Density Method and Dynamic Relaxation Method for FF-IEC
6.4.1 The Force Density Method
6.4.2 The Dynamic Relaxation Method
6.5 Methods of FF-DEC
6.5.1 Singular Value Decomposition Method
6.5.2 Stiffness Matrix Method
6.5.3 Dynamic Relaxation Method
6.6 Implementation of the Form-Finding Methods
6.6.1 FF-IEC of a 2-D Cable Net
6.6.1.1 The Fixed Nodal Position Method
6.6.1.2 The Force Density Method
6.6.1.3 The Dynamic Relaxation Method
6.6.2 FF-DEC of a 2-D cable net
6.6.2.1 The Singular Value Decomposition Method
6.6.2.2 The Stiffness Matrix Method
6.6.2.3 The Dynamic Relaxation Method
6.6.3 Form Finding of a Large Deployable Mesh Reflector of 865 Nodes
6.7 Conclusions
Appendix
Global Minimizer and Solution of the Optimization Problem (6Equ126.12)
References
Part II Applied Design of Engineering Problems
7 Application of Genetic Algorithm in Characterisation of Geometry Welds in Spot Weld Process Design
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Statement of the Problem
7.1.2 Research Objectives
7.1.3 Research Questions
7.2 Background
7.2.1 Assembly Sequence Planning (ASP)
7.2.1.1 Assembly Plans
7.2.1.2 The Assembly Sequence Planning Problem
7.2.1.3 Solving the Assembly Sequence Planning Problem
7.2.1.4 ASP Optimisation
7.2.2 Automotive Body Welding Optimisation
7.3 Optimisation of the Body Processes Using Genetic Algorithm
7.3.1 Genetic Algorithm and Its Applications
7.3.2 GA Constraint Handling Methods
7.3.3 Body Process Modelling for Genetic Algorithm Analysis
7.3.3.1 Genetic Algorithm Platforms
7.3.3.2 GA Model Development
References
8 The Past, Present and Future of Motion Sickness in Land Vehicles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What Was Motion Sickness in Land Vehicles of Old?
8.3 What Is Motion Sickness in Cars of Today?
8.4 What Motion Sickness Beholds in Cars of Future?
References
9 Vehicle Vibration Analysis of the Quarter-Car Model Considering Tire-Road Separation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Dynamic Equations of Motion
9.3 Time Response
9.4 Frequency Domain
9.5 Separation Boundary
9.6 Separation Duration
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Real-Time Optimizers for Adaptive Cruise Control: A Comparative Study
10.1 Introduction
10.2 NMPC Formulation and Implementation
10.2.1 Problem Formulation
10.2.2 Applied Algorithms
10.2.3 Implementation of Automatic NMPC Code Generation
10.3 Adaptive Cruise Control Formulation
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.4.1 MIL Simulations
10.4.2 HIL Experiments
10.5 Conclusion and Future Work
References
11 Influence of Lateral Asymmetry on Car's Lateral Dynamics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Modelling
11.3 Lateral Dynamics of Asymmetrical Car
11.3.1 Car's CoG Deviating Toward the Inner
11.3.2 Car's CoG Deviating Toward the Outer
11.4 Conclusion
11.5 Notations
References
12 Roll Model Control of Autonomous Vehicle
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Roll Model Equation of Motion
12.3 Steady-State Motion for Roll Model
12.4 Control of Autonomous Vehicles, Autodriver Algorithm and Vehicle Dynamics
12.4.1 Road Geometry
12.4.1.1 Horizontal Curve
12.4.1.2 Road Curvature Modelling
12.4.1.3 Road Curvature Centre
12.4.2 Kinematic Analysis and the Dynamic Vehicle Rotation Centre
12.4.3 Vehicle Dynamics (High-Velocity Manoeuvres)
12.4.4 Autonomous Control
12.4.5 Case Study Scenarios
12.4.5.1 Constant Velocity
12.4.5.2 Nonlinear Varying Steering
12.4.5.3 Nonlinear Variable Velocity
12.4.6 Planar-Roll Vehicle Dynamics
12.4.6.1 Equations of Motion
12.4.6.2 Steady-State Responses
12.4.7 Vehicle Behaviour
12.4.8 Autonomous Control
12.4.8.1 Improved Autodriver Algorithm
12.4.8.2 Calculation of Steady-State Inputs
12.4.8.3 Elimination of Transient Error
12.5 Control
12.5.1 Simulation Results
12.5.2 Figure-8 Road
12.5.3 Lane Change Manoeuvre
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Oil Leakage Analysis for an Active Anti-Roll Bar System of Heavy Vehicles
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Rollover of Heavy Vehicles
13.1.2 Different Categories of Vehicle Rollover Accidents
13.1.3 Active Anti-Roll Bar System
13.1.4 Oil Leakage of the Electronic Servo-Valve
13.2 An Electronic Servo-Valve Hydraulic Actuator Model
13.2.1 The Electronic Servo-Valve Model
13.2.2 The Hydraulic Cylinder Model
13.2.3 Internal Leakage Inside the Electronic Servo-Valve
13.3 Vehicle Modelling
13.3.1 The Yaw-Roll Model of a Single Unit Heavy Vehicle
13.3.2 The Fully Integrated Model of a Single Unit Heavy Vehicle
13.4 Effect of the Internal Leakage Inside the Electronic Servo-Valve on the Open-Loop System
13.4.1 Neutral Position of the Spool Valve
13.4.2 Effect of the Internal Leakage on the Open-Loop System
13.4.2.1 Effect of the Internal Leakage Inside the Servo-Valve in the Frequency Domain
13.4.2.2 Effect of the Internal Leakage Inside the Servo-Valve in the Time Domain
13.5 Effect of the Internal Leakage Inside the Electronic Servo-Valve on the Closed-Loop System
13.5.1 H∞/LPV Control Design for the Fully Integrated Model
13.5.2 Simulation Results Analysis with the Nominal Value of the Total Flow Pressure Coefficient
13.5.2.1 Analysis in the Frequency Domain
13.5.2.2 Analysis in the Time Domain
13.5.3 Effect of the Internal Leakage on the Performance of the H∞/LPV Active Anti-Roll Bar Control System
13.5.3.1 Analysis in the Frequency Domain
13.5.3.2 Analysis in the Time Domain
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Thermal Comfort and Game Theory
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Thermal Comfort
14.3 Game Theory
14.4 Proposed Method
14.5 Results and Discussion
14.6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
15 Wind Resource Assessment
15.1 Introduction to Wind Speed and Energy
15.2 Wind Patterns Around the Globe
15.2.1 Global Effects
15.2.2 Local Effects
15.2.3 Topographic Speedup
15.3 Estimating Wind Speed with Height, Atmospheric Condition, and Terrain
15.3.1 Air Density Model
15.3.2 Atmospheric Boundary Layer
15.3.3 Wind Profile Models
15.3.4 Characteristics of Terrain
15.4 Wind Variability
15.4.1 Inter-Annual Wind Variability
15.4.2 Annual and Diurnal Wind Variability
15.4.3 Short-Term Wind Variability and Turbulence
15.5 Wind Data Analysis
15.5.1 Statistical Analysis with Direct Use of Data
15.5.2 Statistical Analysis Using Bin Methods
15.5.3 Statistical Analysis Using Wind Speed Probability Density Function
15.6 Conclusions
References
Index