Nonequilibrium entropy production in open and closed quantum systems
β Scribed by Sebastian Deffner
- Year
- 2010
- Tongue
- English
- Leaves
- 145
- Series
- PhD thesis
- Category
- Library
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Table of Contents
1 Prologue 1
1.1 Thermodynamics - The theory of heat and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Classical systems far from equilibrium 5
2.1 Entropy production in the linear regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Microscopic dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Langevin equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Fokker-Planck equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Generalizations of the second law arbitrarily far from equilibrium . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Jarzynskiβs work relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Crooksβ fluctuation theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.3 Generalization to arbitrary initial states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Dynamical properties of nonequilibrium quantum systems 21
3.1 Geometric approach to isolated quantum systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1 Woottersβ statistical distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.2 Generalization to mixed states: The Bures length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 Measuring the distance to equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Green-Kubo formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.2 Fidelity for Gaussian states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.3 The parameterized harmonic oscillator in the linear regime . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 Minimal quantum evolution time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.1 Mandelstam-Tamm type bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.2 Margolus-Levitin type bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.3 Quantum speed limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 Unitary quantum processes in thermally isolated systems 41
4.1 Thermodynamics: Work and heat in quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.1 Work is not an observable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.2 Fluctuation theorem for heat exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Generalized Clausius inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.1 Irreversible entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.2 Lower bound for the irreversible entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.3 Upper estimation of the relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 Maximal rate of entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Illustrative example - the parameterized oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4.1 Lower bound on entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4.2 Maximal rate of entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.5 Experimental realization in cold ion traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.1 Experimental set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.2 Verifying the quantum Jarzynski equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5.3 Anharmonic corrections and fluctuating electric fields . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Thermodynamics of open quantum systems 65
5.1 Quantum Langevin equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.1 Caldeira-Leggett model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.2 Free particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.1.3 Harmonic potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2 Thermodynamics in the weak coupling limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2.1 Quantum entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.2.2 Particular processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.3 Jarzynski type fluctuation theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Statistical physics of open quantum systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.1 Markovian approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.2 Quantum Brownian motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3.3 Hu-Paz-Zhang master equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6 Strong coupling limit - a semiclassical approach 85
6.1 Quantum Smoluchowski dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.1 Reduced dynamics in path integral formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.2 Quantum strong friction regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.1.3 Quantum Smoluchowski equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1.4 Quantum enhanced escape rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2 Quantum fluctuation theorems in the strong damping limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.3 Experimental verification in Josephson junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.1 RCSJ-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.2 I-V characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3.3 Possible measurement procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7 Epilogue 103
A Quantum information theory 105
A.1 Relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A.1.1 Inequalities in information theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A.1.2 Quantum relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
A.2 Fisher information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
A.2.1 Relation to Kullback-Leibler divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A.2.2 CramΒ΄er-Rao bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A.3 Bures metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A.3.1 Explicit formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A.3.2 Quantum Fisher information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
B Solution of the parametric harmonic oscillator 111
B.1 The parametric harmonic oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
B.2 Method of generating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
B.3 Measure of adiabaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
B.4 Exact transition probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
C Stochastic path integrals 117
C.1 Definition and basic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
C.2 Onsager-Machlup functional for space dependent diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Bibliography 123
List of figures 133
Acknowledgments 135
Curriculum vitae 137
π SIMILAR VOLUMES
<p>This book explores some of the connections between dissipative and quantum effects from a theoretical point of view. It focuses on three main topics: the relation between synchronization and quantum correlations, the thermodynamical properties of fluctuations, and the performance of quantum therm
<p>These proceedings contain the papers contributed to the International WorkΒ shop on "Dimensions and Entropies in Chaotic Systems" at the Pecos River Conference Center on the Pecos River Ranch in Spetember 1985. The workΒ shop was held by the Center for Nonlinear Studies of the Los Alamos National
<p><span>This book mathematically analyzes the basic problems of biology, decision making and psychology within the framework of the theory of open quantum systems.</span></p><p></p><p><span>In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in applications of quantum theory in fields beyond ph
<p>Innumerable clinical problems have as their basis some derangement in oxygen-dependent metabolism. To explore mechanisms of adjusting to oxygen limitation, <i>Living without Oxygen</i> presents a bestiary of exotic anaerobes that illuminate elements of metabolic biochemistry only dimly seen in st
This book presents the first comprehensive treatment of discrete phase-space quantum mechanics and the lattice Weyl-Wigner formulation of energy band dynamics, by the originator of these theoretical techniques. Also included is the author's quantum superfield theoretical technique for nonequilibrium