𝔖 Scriptorium
✦   LIBER   ✦

πŸ“

Nonequilibrium entropy production in open and closed quantum systems

✍ Scribed by Sebastian Deffner


Year
2010
Tongue
English
Leaves
145
Series
PhD thesis
Category
Library

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✦ Table of Contents


1 Prologue 1
1.1 Thermodynamics - The theory of heat and work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Classical systems far from equilibrium 5
2.1 Entropy production in the linear regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Microscopic dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Langevin equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Fokker-Planck equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Generalizations of the second law arbitrarily far from equilibrium . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1 Jarzynski’s work relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2 Crooks’ fluctuation theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.3 Generalization to arbitrary initial states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Dynamical properties of nonequilibrium quantum systems 21
3.1 Geometric approach to isolated quantum systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1 Wootters’ statistical distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.2 Generalization to mixed states: The Bures length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2 Measuring the distance to equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Green-Kubo formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.2 Fidelity for Gaussian states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.3 The parameterized harmonic oscillator in the linear regime . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 Minimal quantum evolution time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.1 Mandelstam-Tamm type bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.2 Margolus-Levitin type bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.3 Quantum speed limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 Unitary quantum processes in thermally isolated systems 41
4.1 Thermodynamics: Work and heat in quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.1 Work is not an observable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.2 Fluctuation theorem for heat exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Generalized Clausius inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2.1 Irreversible entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.2.2 Lower bound for the irreversible entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2.3 Upper estimation of the relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 Maximal rate of entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.4 Illustrative example - the parameterized oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.4.1 Lower bound on entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.4.2 Maximal rate of entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.5 Experimental realization in cold ion traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.1 Experimental set-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.2 Verifying the quantum Jarzynski equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5.3 Anharmonic corrections and fluctuating electric fields . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5 Thermodynamics of open quantum systems 65
5.1 Quantum Langevin equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.1 Caldeira-Leggett model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1.2 Free particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.1.3 Harmonic potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2 Thermodynamics in the weak coupling limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2.1 Quantum entropy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5.2.2 Particular processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.3 Jarzynski type fluctuation theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Statistical physics of open quantum systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.1 Markovian approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.2 Quantum Brownian motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.3.3 Hu-Paz-Zhang master equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6 Strong coupling limit - a semiclassical approach 85
6.1 Quantum Smoluchowski dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.1 Reduced dynamics in path integral formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.2 Quantum strong friction regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.1.3 Quantum Smoluchowski equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.1.4 Quantum enhanced escape rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.2 Quantum fluctuation theorems in the strong damping limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.3 Experimental verification in Josephson junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.1 RCSJ-model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.2 I-V characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3.3 Possible measurement procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7 Epilogue 103
A Quantum information theory 105
A.1 Relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A.1.1 Inequalities in information theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
A.1.2 Quantum relative entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
A.2 Fisher information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
A.2.1 Relation to Kullback-Leibler divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A.2.2 CramΒ΄er-Rao bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
A.3 Bures metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A.3.1 Explicit formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
A.3.2 Quantum Fisher information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
B Solution of the parametric harmonic oscillator 111
B.1 The parametric harmonic oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
B.2 Method of generating functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
B.3 Measure of adiabaticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
B.4 Exact transition probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
C Stochastic path integrals 117
C.1 Definition and basic properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
C.2 Onsager-Machlup functional for space dependent diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Bibliography 123
List of figures 133
Acknowledgments 135
Curriculum vitae 137


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