Preface
Contents
About the Editor
Recent Development in Detection Systems for Human Viral Pathogens from Clinical Samples with Special Reference to Biosensors
1 Preamble
2 Direct Cultivation Approach
3 Nucleic Acid-Based Approach
3.1 Real-Time PCR
3.2 Isothermal PCR
3.3 Droplet Digital PCR
3.4 Nucleic Acid Sequencing
3.5 CRISPR/Cas-Based Systems
4 Protein-Based Approach
4.1 Hemagglutination Assay
4.2 Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay
4.3 Virus Neutralization Assay
4.4 Lateral Flow Immunoassay
5 Biosensor-Based Approach
5.1 Micromechanical Biosensors
6 Current Challenges and Prospects
7 Conclusion
References
Nanobiosensors for COVID-19
1 Introduction
2 Smart Materials for Sensor Technologies
3 Structure of SARS-CoV-2
4 Infection Mechanism of SARS-CoV-2
5 Nanotechnologies in the Diagnosis of COVID-19
6 Nanotechnologies in the Treatment of COVID-19
7 Inorganic Nanoparticles
8 Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Human Coronavirus (2019-nCoV, SARS/MERSCoV) and Influenza Viruses
9 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors
10 FET-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensor
11 Cell-Based Electrochemical Nanobiosensor
12 Piezoelectric Nanobiosensors
13 Nucleic Acid Biosensor
14 Conclusion
References
Electrochemical Detection of Cancer Fingerprint: A Systematic Review on Recent Progress in Extracellular Vesicle Research from...
1 Introduction
2 Early Detection Is the Best Answer for Cancer
3 EV, a Promising Youngster in Liquid Biopsy
4 Conventional EV Detection Techniques
5 Electrochemical Detection of EVs
5.1 Enzyme-Based Amplification
5.2 Hybridization-Based Amplification
Rolling Circle Amplification
Strand Displacement Reaction Amplification
Catalytic Hairpin Assembly
Hybridization Chain Reaction
DNA Nanomachines
6 Challenges and Future Directions
7 Conclusion
References
Nano-biosensors for Diagnosing Infectious and Lifestyle-Related Disease of Human: An Update
1 Introduction
2 Design of Nano-biosensors
3 Clinical Application of Nano-biosensors
3.1 Application of Nano-biosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Detection of Viral Pathogens
Detection of Bacterial Pathogens
Detection of Other Pathogens
3.2 Nano-biosensors Used in Lifestyle Diseases
Detection of Diabetes and Hypertension
Detection of Inflammatory Disease
Detection of Cancer
Detection of Neurological Disorders
Detection of Other Diseases
4 Advantages and Disadvantages
5 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
Design and Analysis of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Biosensor Device for Identification of Cancerous Cells
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Formulation
3 Results Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Smart Nanobiosensing for COVID-19 Diagnosis
1 Introduction
2 Coronavirus
2.1 Structure and Morphology
2.2 Origin, Natural Reservoirs, and Intermediate Hosts of SARS-CoV-2
2.3 Transmission of Novel SARS-CoV-2
2.4 Viral Pathogenesis and Cellular Replication
2.5 Specific Biomarkers for Diagnosing COVID-19
Viral Genomic RNA
Viral Antigens
Host Antibodies
Predictive Algorithms for Discovering Potential Biomarkers
2.6 Clinical Specimens for COVID-19
3 Contemporary Biosensing Devices for Detection of Coronaviruses
3.1 Plasmonic Biosensor
3.2 Field-effect Transistor Based Biosensor (BioFRT)
3.3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensors
3.4 Colorimetric Biosensors
3.5 Fluorescence-Based Biosensor
3.6 Other Prospective Electrical or Electrochemical Immunosensors for Detecting Coronaviruses
4 Comparative Analysis of Biosensors on a Few Technical Parameters
5 Future Perspectives
References
Machine Learning-Enabled Biosensors in Clinical Decision Making
1 Introduction
1.1 AI-ML in Medical Sensors
2 Different Biosensors with Machine Learning
2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
2.2 SERS and Other Spectra-Based Biosensors
2.3 Colorimetric and Fluorometric Biosensor
2.4 Cytometry Based Biosensors
3 Machine Learning for Biomedical Processing
3.1 Data Preprocessing
Baseline Correction
Data Standardization
Data Compression
4 Non-neural Algorithm
4.1 PCA and LDA
4.2 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
4.3 Random Forests (RFs) and Decision Trees (DTs)
4.4 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
5 Artificial Neural Network Algorithms
5.1 Feed Forward Artificial Neural Network
5.2 Recurrent Neural Network
5.3 Convolutional Neural Network
6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Recent Progress on the Development of Chemosensors
1 Introduction
2 Pyrene-Based Chemosensor for Detection of CO2
3 Intra-molecular Hydrogen Bonding Stabilisation Based Fluorescent Chemosensor for Detection of CO2
4 Squaraine-Based System for Detection of CO2
5 Ξ±-Cyanostilbene-Based Fluorescent Chemosensor for Detection of CO2
6 pH Indicator-Based Sensors for CO2
7 Amine-Based Sensors for CO2
8 Deprotonation-Assisted Sensors for CO2
9 Chemosensors Based on Functional Material for Detection of CO2
10 Chemosensors Based on Metal-Oxide Semiconductors for Detection of CO2
11 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Medical Device and Equipment Sector in India: Towards Sophisticated Digital Healthcare Systems-An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Objectives
3 Methods
4 Scenario of Medical Device Sectors in India
5 Growing Opportunities in Medical Device in India
5.1 Medical Devices Sector and Growth
5.2 Health Insurance
5.3 Hospital and Medical Infrastructure
5.4 Biotech and Digital Healthcare Sector
5.5 Refurbished Medical Equipment
5.6 Policies and Regulations Governing Healthcare Instruments and Devices
6 Medical Devices, India and Future Growth
6.1 Market Size and Export Scenario
6.2 Growth and Challenges in Medical Device Sector in India
7 Conclusion
References
Application of Radiopharmaceuticals in Diagnostics and Therapy
1 Introduction
2 Monitoring of Tissues and Organs by Radiopharmaceuticals
2.1 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
2.2 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3 Diagnostic Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
3.1 Uses of Technetium-99m
3.2 Radiopharmaceuticals Used for Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) or Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy (MPS)
3.3 Radiopharmaceuticals Used for Study of Liver and Diagnosis of Diseased Condition
3.4 Radiopharmaceuticals Used in the Diagnosis of Cancer
To Detect Cancerous Growth in the Body: Metabolic Study Using FDG
Tumour Imaging
3.5 Radiopharmaceuticals Used for Diagnosis in Kidney Diseases
3.6 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis of Haematopoietic Disorders
3.7 Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis of Lung Disorders
4 Therapeutic Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals
4.1 Delivery of Radionuclides by Nanocarriers
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Inorganic Nanoparticles
Dendrimers
5 Role of Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Radiopharmaceuticals
6 Radiotherapy
6.1 Treatment of Thyroid Diseases
6.2 Treatment of Metastatic Bone Pain
6.3 Treatment of Non-HodgkinΒ΄s Lymphoma
6.4 Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
6.5 Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumours
7 Conclusion
References