Front-Matt_2019_New-and-Future-Developments-in-Microbial-Biotechnology-and-B
Front Matter
Copyrigh_2019_New-and-Future-Developments-in-Microbial-Biotechnology-and-Bio
Copyright
Contributo_2019_New-and-Future-Developments-in-Microbial-Biotechnology-and-B
Contributors
Forewor_2019_New-and-Future-Developments-in-Microbial-Biotechnology-and-Bioe
Foreword
1
Cost Economy Analysis of Biomass-Based Biofuel Production
Introduction
Pretreatment Process of Cellulosic Biomass
Pretreatment
Microwave Treatment of Biomass
Breaking or Milling
Chemical Pretreatment
Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation
Cost Analysis
Expected Results
Conclusion and Suggestions
Acknowledgments
References
2
Cellulose as Potential Feedstock for Cellulase Enzyme Production: Versatility and Properties of Various Cellulosic Biomass ...
Introduction
Cellulase: Structure, Function, and Diversity
Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms
Substrates for Cellulase Production
Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks for Cellulase Production
Pure Substrates for Cellulase Production
Lignocellulosic Substrates for Cellulase Production
Pretreatments of Lignocellulosic Substrate and Its Importance in Enhancing Enzyme Titer
Cellulase Production Methods
Proteomic Approaches for Studying Cellulase Production From Different Feedstocks
Commercial Formulation of Cellulases in the Market
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
3
Role of Compositional Analysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Efficient Biofuel Production
Introduction
Lignocellulosic Biomass Production Status and Availability
Biomass Compositional Analysis
Overview of the Conversion of Cellulosic Feedstock to Biofuel
Pretreatment Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Hydrolysis Overview
Current Challenges in Lignocellulosic Biofuel Production
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
4
5
Role of Bioprocess Parameters to Improve Cellulase Production: Part I
Introduction
Physical Parameters
Effect of pH
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Moisture Content
Effect of Biomass Particle Size
Effect of Pretreatment of Substrate (Lignocellulosic Waste)
Effect of the Fermentation Period
Effect of Inoculum Size
Effect of Agitation
Nutritional Parameters
Effect of Carbon Sources
Effect of Substrate Concentration
Effect of Nitrogen Source
Effect of Surfactants
Effect of Mineral Source
References
Further Reading
6
Role of Bioprocess Parameters to Improve Cellulase Production: Part II
Introduction
Bioprocess Parameters
Bioprocess Parameters Influencing Cellulase Production
Production Media
Influence of Carbon Sources on Cellulase Production
Agro-Based Waste Material as Substrates
Influence of Nitrogen Sources on Cellulase Production
Influence of Metal Additives on Cellulase Production
Influence of Surfactants on Cellulase Production
Bioreactors
Temperature
pH
Inoculum Size
Incubation Time
Agitation
Aeration
Moisture
Extraction Solvent
Conclusion
References
7
Comparative Study of Cellulase Production Using Submerged and Solid-State Fermentation
Introduction
Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms
Fungal Cellulases
Bacterial Cellulases
Advancements in the Microbial Production of Cellulases
Solid-State Fermentation Technology
Substrates Used
SSF Bioreactors for Cellulase Production
Types of SSF Bioreactors
Tray Bioreactor
Packed Bed Reactor
Rotary Drum Bioreactor
Fluidized Bed Reactor
Lab-Scale Bioreactor
Submerged Fermentation Technology
SmF Bioreactors for Cellulase Production
SmF Methodologies: Batch SmF, Fed-Batch SmF, and Continuous SmF
Comparison of SSF and SmF Technologies for Cellulase Production
Process Scale-Up
Some Recent Developments in Cellulase Production Technology
Sequential SSF and SmF Strategy
Use of Mixed Cultures
One-Pot Cellulase Production, Hydrolysis, and Fermentation
Industrial Production of Cellulases
Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
References
8
Advancements in Bioprocess Technology for Cellulase Production
Introduction
Classification of Cellulase Enzymes
Mechanism of Cellulose Biodegradation
Sources of Cellulase-Producing Microbes
Cellulase Production Using Solid-State Fermentation and Submerged Fermentation
Bioprocess Parameters for the Optimization of Cellulase Enzymes
Exploitation of Cellulase Enzymes for Biotechnological Applications
Manufacturing of Paper
Textile Industry
Food-Processing Industry
Agriculture Industry
Brewing Industry
Dye Extraction From Plants
Animal Feeding
Olive Oil Extraction
Detergent Industry
Bioethanol Production
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
9
Role of Solid-State Fermentation to Enhance Cellulase Production
Solid-State Fermentation
General Considerations of SSF
Fungal Cellulases
How are Enzymes of the Cellulase Complex Produced?
Cellulase Production by Solid-State Fermentation
Aspergillus Species
Trichoderma reesei
Penicillium Species
White-Rot Fungi
Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus sajor-caju
Lentinus edodes
Fusarium oxysporum
Endophytic Fungi
Thermophilic Fungi
Specialized Inoculum
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
10
Strategies to Improve Solid-State Fermentation Technology
Introduction
Organism-Based Strategies
Strain Improvement
Heterologous Gene Expression
Mixed Co-Culture System
Substrate-Based Strategies
Physical Pretreatment
Chemical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
Combinatorial Pretreatment
Emerging Pretreatments
Process Optimization-Based Strategies
Single Factorial Methodology
Response Surface Methodology
Different Types of Designs
Mathematical Modeling
Bioreactor-Based Strategies
Design of Bioreactor
Tray Bioreactor (Group I)
Packed-Bed Bioreactor (Group II)
Drum Bioreactor (Group III)
Stirred-Bed Bioreactor (Group IV)
Heat and Mass Transfer
Process Monitoring-Based Strategies
Temperature
pH
Water Activity (Humidity and Moisture)
Aeration
Agitation
Flow Measurements and Control
Pressure Drop Measurements
Other Monitoring Factors
Strategies to Control Contamination
Downstream Processing-Based Strategies
Concluding Remarks
References
11
Knowledge Update on Bioreactor Technology for Cellulase Production
Introduction
Bioreactor
Preliminary Studies on Substrates
Basic Information on Cellulase-Producing Microorganisms
The Process Employed for Cellulase Production
Solid-State Fermentation
Requirements of Bioreactor
Heat and Mass Transfer Rate and Oxygen Transfer
Classification of Bioreactors for Cellulase Production
SSF Process
Tray Bioreactors
Packed-Bed Bioreactor
Rotating Drum Bioreactor
Fluidized-Bed Bioreactor
Comparison of Different Types of SSF Bioreactors
SmF Process
Stirred-Tank Reactors
Airlift Reactor
Bubble Column Reactor
Comparison of Different Types of SmF Bioreactors
Comparison of SSF and SmF Bioreactors for Large-Scale Cellulase Production
Conclusion
References
12
Downstream Processing Technology for Cellulase Production
Introduction
Pretreatment of Biomass
Cellulase Composition
Metabolic Engineering
Mode of Cellulase Production
Cellulase Extraction
Cellulase Recovery
e-CBP Versus r-CBP
Microbial Consortia in Cellulase Production
Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
13
Genetic Engineering Applications to Improve Cellulase Production and Efficiency: Part I
Introduction
Isolation and Purification of Cellulose
Microbial Cellulase Production
Analysis of Cellulase Activity
Challenges in Enzyme Production
Genetic Engineering: A Tool for Enzyme Production
Structure of Genes
Genetic engineering
Cellulase Expression System
Why Only in the Presence of Cellulose?
Degradation of Cellulose
Microbial Genetic Modification for Cellulase Production
Disruption of cre1
By Altering the Promoter
Genetically Altering the Regulatory Pathway
Epigenetic Remodeling
Microbial Genetic Modification for Increasing Cellulase Efficiency
Plant Genetic Modification for Enzyme Production
Transgene in Plants for Cellulase Production
Decreasing the Need for Pretreatment
Substrate Disruption
Tools for the Genetic Modification of a T. reesei Model Organism for Cellulase Production
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14
Genetic Engineering Applications to Improve Cellulase Production and Efficiency: Part II
Introduction
Biomass: Cellulose and Lignocellulose
Cellulase: The Molecular Entity for Cellulose-Based Industries and Other Applications
Microbes: Biofactories for Cellulase Production
Mutation: Molecular Architecture Transformer but With Unpredictable Consequences
Gene Mining for Efficient Cellulase Production
Genetic Engineering: Contemporary and Competent Technology for Augmenting Cellulase Production and Efficiency
Fungi: The Most Preferred Genetic Platform for Cellulase Production
Bacteria: A Classical and Reliable Genetic Source for Cellulase Production
Yeast: A New and Less Explored Genetic System for Cellulase Production
Plant: An Alternate Genetic Source for Cellulase Production
Insects: A Symbiotic Genetic Association for Cellulase Production
Other Genetic Systems for Cellulase Production
Conclusion
Future Prospects
References
Further Reading
15
Biofuel Cells With Enzymes as a Catalyst
Introduction
Renewable Energy
Solar Energy
Wind Power
Hydropower
Bioenergy
Biomass
Biofuel
Biodiesel
Ethanol
Drawbacks in Developing Enzymatic Biofuel Cells
Enzyme-Based Cathodes for Oxygen Electroreduction
Electron Transfer in Biocathodes
Immobilization Methods for Biocathodes
Adsorption
Entrapment or Copolymerization
Affinity
Covalent Binding
Biofuel-Bioethanol
Algae
Algae Potential for Bioethanol
Algae Classification
Bioethanol From Macroalgae
Algae Pretreatment
Ulva lactuca
Ulva-Sulfated Polysaccharide (ulvan)
Cellulose
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sugar Metabolism
Batch Fermentation
Conclusion
References
16
Algal Cellulases
Introduction
Mechanism of Action of Cellulases
Cellulase Enzyme Systems for Cellulose Hydrolysis
Classification of Cellulases
Types of Cellulases
Endoglucanase
Exoglucanases
ฮฒ-Glucosidase/Cellobiose
Cellodextrin Phosphorylase or 1,4-d-Oligoglucan Orthophosphate ฮฑ-d-Glucosyl Transferase (EC 2.3.1.49)
Microbial Strains Producing Cellulases
Improvement of Strains Producing Cellulases via Chemical and Physical Mutagens
Sources of Cellulases
Animal Cellulases
Plant Cellulases
Algal Cellulases
Biofuel Production From Microalgae
Advantages of Microalgae
Selection of Algal Culture
Mutation Selection
Isolation and Purification of Algal Cellulases
Preservation of Algal Cultures
Purification
Purification Techniques
Depiction of Algae
Bioethanol Production From Algae
Algal Cellulase Production
Applications
Industrial Integration for Food and Fuel Production
Conclusion
References
17
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z