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Neurobiology of prenatal cocaine exposure effect on developing monoamine systems

✍ Scribed by Linda C. Mayes


Publisher
John Wiley and Sons
Year
1994
Tongue
English
Weight
956 KB
Volume
15
Category
Article
ISSN
0163-9641

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✦ Synopsis


Cocaine and crack belong to a broad category of agents that act primarily as central nervous system stimulants at the level of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). These neurotransmitters are involved in the regulation of a number of basic psychological functions including attention and arousal and play a crucial role in the defining of brain structure and neuronal formation. This paper outlines what is currently known about the direct effects of cocaine on the mature and developing central nervous system. Three general points are reviewed: (1) Cocaine has differing effects on structural and functional brain development throughout gestation (e.g., there is not a single, all or none effect); (2) No one area of the brain is singularly affected. Areas related by the monoaminergic system are differentially influenced and affecting one area may result in a functional change in another; and (3) Because substantial brain growth, synaptic formation, and remodeling occur in the first months after birth, ongoing postnatal exposure to cocaine also carries risk for direct effects on brain function. Understanding the developmental neurobiological effects of cocaine provides data to guide studies in infants and young children of how prenatal cocaine exposure may contribute to specific, biologically based areas of neurological vulnerability that will be expressed behaviorally and developmentally in the first 3 to 5 years of life. RESUME: La cocaine et le crack appartiennent tous deux a la large categorie des agents qui agissent essentiellement en tant que stimulants du systkme nerveux central au niveau du systime neurotransmetteur monoaminergique (dopamine, norepinephrine, et serotonine). Ces neurotransmetteurs sont impliques dans la regulation d'un nombre de fonctions psychologiques de base dont font partie l'attention et la stimulation et jouent un rBle crucial dans la definition de la structure du cerveau et de la formation neuronale. Cet article fait un bref compte-rendu des connaissances actuelles sur les effets de la cocaine sur le systeme nerveux central mQr et se developpant. Trois questions genirales sont passees en revue: ( I ) Durant la gestation, la cocaine a des effets qui different sur le developpement du cerveau structure1 et fonctionnel, i.e. il n'existe pas un seul et unique effet; (2) Aucune region du cerveau n'est affectee a elle-seule. Les regions relikes par le systtme monoaminergique sont influencee differemment et le fait de toucher une region peut rksulter en un changement fonctionnel dans une autre region; et (3) A cause du developpement considerable du cerveau, la formation et la reorganisation synapsiques a lieu durant les permiers mois aprts la naissance, I'exposition prolongee postnatale a la cocaine comporte egalement des risques pour les effets directs sur la fonction du cerveau. La comprehension des effets neurobiologiques de la cocaine en matiere de developpement offre des donnees qui sont a m@me de conduire des etudes chez les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants sur la faGon dont I'exposition prenatale a la cocaine oeut contribuer a affecter des regions biologiques specifiques de vulnerabilite neurobiologique qui trouveront leur expression comportementale et developpementale dans les trois-cinq premieres annees de la vie.


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