Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers

✍ Scribed by John Carroll

• Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 377
• Series: Natural Gas Hydrates
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Natural Gas Hydrates, Fourth Edition, provides a critical reference for engineers who are new to the field. Covering the fundamental properties, thermodynamics and behavior of hydrates in multiphase systems, this reference explains the basics before advancing to more practical applications, the latest developments and models. Updated sections include a new hydrate toolbox, updated correlations and computer methods. Rounding out with new case study examples, this new edition gives engineers an important tool to continue to control and mitigate hydrates in a safe and effective manner.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers
Copyright
Dedication
Preface to the fourth edition
Preface to the third edition
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction
1.1 What is water?
1.2 Natural gas
1.2.1 Sales gas
1.2.2 Hydrates
1.3 The water molecule
1.3.1 The normal boiling point of water
1.3.2 Enthalpy of vaporization
1.3.3 Expansion upon freezing
1.3.4 The shape of the water molecule and the hydrogen bond
1.4 Hydrates
1.4.1 Temperature and pressure
1.5 Water and natural gas
1.5.1 Free-water
1.6 Heavy water
1.7 The hydrate toolbox
1.8 Additional reading
1.9 Units
1.10 Quantifying error
References
Bibliography
2 - Hydrate types and formers
2.1 Type I hydrates
2.1.1 Type I formers
2.2 Type II hydrates
2.2.1 Type II formers
2.3 Type H hydrates
2.3.1 Type H formers
2.4 The size of the guest molecule
2.4.1 n-Butane
2.5 Other hydrocarbons
2.6 Cyclopropane
2.7 2-Butene
2.8 Mercaptans
2.8.1 Methyl mercaptan
2.8.2 Others
2.9 Hydrogen and helium
2.10 Chemical properties of potential guests
2.11 Liquid hydrate formers
2.12 Hydrate forming conditions
2.12.1 Pressure-temperature
2.12.2 Composition
2.12.3 Caution
2.12.4 Nitrogen
2.12.5 Ethylene
2.12.6 Propylene
2.12.7 Methyl mercaptan
2.13 V+LA+H correlations
2.13.1 Ethylene
2.14 LA+LN+H correlations
2.15 Quadruple points
2.15.1 Cyclopropane
2.16 Other hydrate formers
2.16.1 Freons
2.16.2 Halogens
2.16.3 Noble gases
2.16.4 Air
2.16.5 Others
2.17 Hydrate formation at 0°C
2.18 Mixtures
2.18.1 Mixtures of the same type
2.18.2 Type I plus Type II
2.18.3 Azeotropy
2.18.4 Mixtures with nonformers
2.18.5 Petroleum
References
Appendix 2A Water Content of the Fluid in Equilibrium with Hydrate for Pure Components
3 - Hand calculation methods
3.1 The gas gravity method
3.1.1 Verifying the approach
3.1.1.1 Molar mass
3.1.1.2 Boiling point
3.1.1.3 Density
3.1.1.4 Discussion
3.2 The K-Factor method
3.2.1 Calculation algorithms
3.2.1.1 Flash
3.2.1.2 Incipient solid formation
3.2.2 Liquid hydrocarbons
3.2.3 Computerization
3.2.4 Comments on the accuracy of the K-Factor method
3.2.4.1 Ethylene
3.2.4.2 Mann et al.
3.3 Baillie-Wichert method
3.4 Other correlations
3.4.1 Makogon
3.4.2 Kobayashi et al.
3.4.3 Motiee
3.4.4 Østergaard et al.
3.4.5 Towler and Mokhatab
3.5 Comments on all of these methods
3.5.1 Water
3.5.2 Nonformers
3.5.3 Isobutane vs. n-Butane
3.5.4 Quick comparison
3.5.4.1 Mei et al. (1998)
3.5.4.2 Fan and Guo (1999)
3.5.4.3 Ng and Robinson (1976)
3.5.5 Sour natural gas
3.5.5.1 Ward et al. (2015)
3.6 Local models
3.6.1 Wilcox et al. (1941)
3.6.2 Composition
3.6.2.1 Sun et al.
References
Appendix Katz K-factor Charts
4.- Computer methods
4.1 Phase equilibrium
4.2 Hydrate models
4.2.1 van der Waals and Platteeuw
4.2.2 Parrish and Prausnitz
4.2.3 Ng and Robinson
4.2.4 Summary of models
4.2.5 Type H
4.3 Calculations
4.3.1 Compositions
4.3.2 Commercial software packages
4.3.2.1 CSMHYD
4.3.2.2 EQUI-PHASE Hydrate
4.3.2.3 CSMGEM
4.3.2.4 General purpose process simulation programs
4.4 The accuracy of these programs
4.4.1 Pure components
4.4.1.1 Methane
4.5 Ethane
4.5.1 Carbon dioxide
4.5.1.1 Hydrogen sulfide
4.5.2 Mixtures
4.5.2.1 Mei et al. (1998)
4.5.2.2 Fan and Guo (1999)
4.5.2.3 Ng and Robinson (1976)
4.5.2.4 Wilcox et al. (1941)
4.5.2.5 Tohidi et al. (1997)
4.5.2.6 Type H predictions
4.5.3 Sour gas
4.5.3.1 Ward et al. (2015)
4.5.4 Comment on natural gas
4.5.5 Oil - Tohidi et al. (1997)
4.5.6 Third party studies
4.6 Dehydration
4.6.1 Margin of error
References
5.- Inhibiting hydrate formation with chemicals
5.1 Freezing point depression
5.2 The Hammerschmidt equation
5.3 The Nielsen-Bucklin equation
5.4 The Carroll method
5.5 A chart
5.6 Accuracy of the Carroll method
5.7 Brine solutions
5.8 McCain method
5.9 Østergaard et al.
5.10 Comment on the simple methods
5.11 Advanced calculation methods
5.12 A word of caution
5.13 Ammonia
5.14 Acetone
5.15 Inhibitor vaporization
5.16 A more theoretical approach
5.17 Inhibitor losses to the hydrocarbon liquid
5.17.1 Methanol
5.17.2 Glycol
5.18 A comment on injection rates
5.19 Inhibitor recovery
5.20 Safety considerations
5.21 Diluted methanol
5.22 Price for inhibitor chemicals
5.23 Low-dosage hydrate inhibitors
5.24 Kinetic inhibitors
5.25 Antiagglomerants
5.26 KI vs. AA
References
Appendix 5A List of US patents related to low-dosage hydrate inhibitors
6 - Dehydration of natural gas
6.1 Water content specification
6.2 Glycol dehydration
6.2.1 Liquid desiccants
6.2.1.1 Glycols
6.2.2 Process description
6.2.2.1 Inlet separator
6.2.2.2 The contactor
6.2.2.3 The flash tank
6.2.2.4 Lean-rich exchanger
6.2.2.5 The regenerator
6.2.2.6 Glycol pump
6.2.3 Short-cut design method
6.2.3.1 BTEX
6.2.3.2 Software
6.2.4 Approximate capital cost
6.3 Mole sieves
6.3.1 Process description
6.3.2 Simplified modeling
6.4 Refrigeration
6.4.1 Process description
6.4.2 Glycol injection
References
7 - Combating hydrates using heat and pressure
7.1 Plugs
7.1.1 Plug formation
7.1.2 Pipeline monitoring
7.2 The use of heat
7.2.1 Heat loss from a buried pipeline
7.2.2 Fluid contribution
7.2.3 Pipe contribution
7.2.4 Soil contribution
7.2.5 Overall
7.2.6 Heat ttransferred
7.2.7 Additional comments
7.2.8 Line heater design
7.2.9 Bath
7.2.10 Tube bundle
7.2.11 Fire tube
7.2.12 Other considerations
7.2.13 Heat transfer
7.2.14 Two-phase heater transfer
7.3 Depressurization
7.4 Melting a plug with heat
7.5 Hydrate plug location
7.5.1 Buildings
7.6 Capital costs
7.7 Case studies
7.7.1 Case 1
7.7.2 Case 2
References
Appendix A: Output from pipe heat loss program for the examples in the text
8 - Physical properties of hydrates
8.1 Molar mass
8.2 Density
8.3 Enthalpy of fusion
8.4 Heat capacity
8.5 Thermal conductivity
8.6 Mechanical properties
8.7 Volume of gas in hydrate
8.8 Ice vs. hydrate
References
9 - Phase diagrams
9.1 Phase rule
9.2 Comments about phases
9.3 Single component systems
9.4 Water
9.5 Binary systems
9.6 Constructing T-x and P-x diagrams
9.7 Methane+water
9.8 Free-water
9.9 Carbon dioxide+water
9.10 Hydrogen sulfide+water
9.11 Propane+water
9.12 Phase behavior below 0°C
9.13 Methane+water
9.14 Carbon dioxide+methane+water
9.15 Multicomponent systems
9.16 An acid-gas mixture
9.17 A typical natural gas1
References
10 - Water content of natural gas
10.1 Dew point
10.2 Equilibrium with liquid water
10.2.1 Ideal model
10.2.2 McKetta-Wehe chart
10.2.3 Sharma-Campbell method
10.2.4 Bukacek
10.2.5 Ning et al.
10.2.6 Maddox correction
10.2.7 Robinson et al. charts
10.2.8 Wichert correction
10.2.9 AQUAlibrium
10.3 Equilibrium with solids
10.3.1 Ice
10.3.2 Hydrate
10.3.3 Methane
10.3.4 Gas gravity
10.3.5 Ethane
10.3.6 Propane
10.3.7 Carbon dioxide
10.4 Local water content model
Hydrate book Example 10.4: 100psi
Hydrate book Example 10.4: 250psi
Hydrate book Example 10.4: 500psi
Hydrate book Example 10.4: 1000psi
References
Appendix 10A output from AQUAlibrium
11 - Additional topics
11.1 Joule-Thomson expansion
11.1.1 Theoretical treatment
11.1.2 Ideal gas
11.1.3 Real fluids
11.1.3.1 Compressibility factor
11.1.3.2 The Miller equation
11.2 Hydrate formation in the reservoir during production
11.3 Flow in the well
11.4 Transportation
11.5 Natural occurrence of hydrates
11.5.1 Seabed
11.5.2 Natural gas formations
11.5.2.1 Messoyakha
11.5.2.2 Mallik
11.5.3 Outer space
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
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