Natural disasters

✍ Scribed by Abbott, Patrick L.

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 550
• Edition: 10
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"Natural Disasters, 10th edition focuses on explaining how the normal processes of Earth concentrate their energies and deal heavy blows to humans and their structures. Students have a natural curiosity about natural disasters and why they occur. This text explains why natural disasters occur by interweaving the themes of Energy sources, Plate tectonics, climate change, Earth Processes, geologic time, the complexities of multiple variables operating simultaneously throughout the text. Detailed and interesting Case histories are also intertwined with current content to give students a broad historical understanding of our dynamic and evolving planet." -- Amazon  Read more...

✦ Table of Contents

Machine generated contents note: Processes of Construction versus Destruction --
Terms to Remember --
Great Natural Disasters --
Human Fatalities and Economic Losses in Natural Disasters --
The Role of Government in Natural-Disaster Death Totals --
Human Responses to Disaster --
Economic Losses From Natural Disasters --
Natural Hazards --
Popocatepétl Volcano, Mexico --
Magnitude, Frequency, and Return Period --
Role of Population Growth --
Overview of Human Population --
The Power of an Exponent on Growth --
The Past 10,000 Years of Human History --
The Human Population Today --
Side Note: Interest Paid on Money: An Example of Exponential Growth --
Future World Population --
Demographic Transition --
Urbanization and Earthquake Fatalities --
Side Note: A Classic Disaster: Influenza (FLU) Pandemic of 1918 --
Disease Pandemics --
Carrying Capacity --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Origin of the Sun and Planets --
Impact Origin of the Moon --
Earth History --
The Layered Earth --
Side Note: Mother Earth --
Behavior of Materials --
Side Note: Volcanoes and the Origin of the Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life --
Isostasy --
Internal Sources of Energy --
Impact Energy and Gravitational Energy --
Radioactive Isotopes --
In Greater Depth: Radioactive Isotopes --
Age of Earth --
In Greater Depth: Radioactivity Disasters --
Plate Tectonics --
Development of the Plate Tectonics Concept --
In Greater Depth: Earth's Magnetic Field --
Magnetization of Volcanic Rocks --
The Grand Unifying Theory --
How We Understand Earth --
Uniformitarianism --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
A Classic Disaster: The Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 --
Understanding Earthquakes --
Faults and Geologic Mapping --
Types of Faults --
Dip-Slip Faults --
Strike-Slip Faults --
Transform Faults --
Development of Seismology --
Waves --
Seismic Waves --
Body Waves --
Seismic Waves and Earth's Interior --
Surface Waves --
Sound Waves and Seismic Waves --
In Greater Depth: Seismic Waves from Nuclear Bomb Blasts Versus Earthquakes --
Locating the Source of an Earthquake --
Magnitude of Earthquakes --
Richter Scale --
Other Measures of Earthquake Size --
Foreshocks, Mainshock, and Aftershocks --
Magnitude, Fault-Rupture Length, and Seismic-Wave Frequencies --
Ground Motion During Earthquakes --
In Greater Depth: F = MA --
Acceleration --
Periods of Buildings and Responses of Foundations --
In Greater Depth: What to Do Before and During an Earthquake --
Earthquake Intensity-What We Feel During an Earthquake --
Mercalli Scale Variables --
A Case History of Mercalli Variables: The San Fernando Valley, California, Earthquake of 1971 --
Learning from the Past --
Building in Earthquake Country --
Shear Walls and Bracing --
Retrofit Buildings, Bridges, and House Construction --
Base Isolation --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Disaster Simulation Game --
Tectonic-Plate Edges and Earthquakes --
Spreading-Center Earthquakes --
Iceland --
Red Sea and Gulf of Aden --
Gulf of California --
Convergent Zones and Earthquakes --
Subduction-Zone Earthquakes --
Japan, 2011: Stuck Segments of Subducting Plate --
A Classic Disaster: The Tokyo Earthquake of 1923 --
Indonesia, 2004: One Earthquake Triggers Others --
Mexico City, 1985: Long-Distance Destruction --
Chile, 1960: the Biggest One --
Alaska, 1964: Second Biggest One --
Pacific Northwest: the Upcoming Earthquake --
Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes --
China, Pakistan, and India, 2008, 2005, and 2001: Continent Collision Kills --
China, 1556: the Deadliest Earthquake --
The Arabian Plate --
Continent-Continent Collision Earthquakes --
Transform-Fault Earthquakes --
Transform-Fault Earthquakes --
Haiti, 2010: Earthquakes Don't Kill, Buildings Do --
Turkey, 1999: Serial Earthquakes --
San Andreas Fault Tectonics and Earthquakes --
A Classic Disaster: The San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 --
Bay Area Earthquakes-Past and Future --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
How Faults Work --
Elastic Rebound --
Newer View --
Thrust-Fault Earthquakes --
Virginia, 2011: Ancient Faults can Reactivate --
Northridge, California, 1994: Compression at the Big Bend --
Seattle, Washington --
Normal-Fault Earthquakes --
Puget Sound, Washington, 1949, 1965, 2001: Subducting Plates can Crack --
Neotectonics and Paleoseismology --
Earthquake Prediction --
Long-Term Forecasts --
Short-Term Forecasts --
Early Warning System --
Human-Triggered Earthquakes --
Pumping Fluids Underground --
Side Note: Perils of Predication: Scientists on Trial --
Dam Earthquakes --
Bomb Blasts --
Earthquake-Shaking Maps --
Did You Feel It? --
Shakemaps --
California Earthquake Scenario --
Annualized Earthquake Losses --
Great Shakeout Events --
Earthquakes in the United States and Canada --
Western North America: Plate Boundary-Zone Earthquakes --
Western Great Basin: Eastern California, Western Nevada --
The Intermountain Seismic Belt: Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana --
Rio Grande Rift: New Mexico, Colorado, Westernmost Texas, Mexico --
Intraplate Earthquakes: "Stable" Central United States --
New Madrid, Missouri, 1811-1812 --
Reelfoot Rift: Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois --
Ancient Rifts in the Central United States --
Intraplate Earthquakes: Eastern North America --
New England --
St. Lawrence River Valley --
Charleston, South Carolina, 1886 --
Earthquakes and Volcanism in Hawaii --
Earthquake in 1975 --
Earthquakes in 2006 --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
How We Understand Volcanic Eruptions --
Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes --
A Classic Disaster: Eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 79 CE --
Chemical Composition of Magmas --
Viscosity, Temperature, and Water Content of Magmas --
In Greater Depth: Minerals and Volcanic Rocks --
Plate-Tectonic Setting of Volcanoes Revisited --
How a Volcano Erupts --
Eruption Styles and the Role of Water Content --
Some Volcanic Materials --
The Three Vs of Volcanology: Viscosity, Volatiles, Volume --
Side Note: How a Geyser Erupts --
Shield Volcanoes: Low Viscosity, Low Volatiles, Large Volume --
Flood Basalts: Low Viscosity, Low Volatiles, very Large Volume --
In Greater Depth: Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) --
Scoria Cones: Medium Viscosity, Medium Volatiles, Small Volume --
Stratovolcanoes: High Viscosity, High Volatiles, Large Volume --
Lava Domes: High Viscosity, Low Volatiles, Small Volume --
Calderas: High Viscosity, High Volatiles, Very Large Volume --
Side Note: British Airways Flight 9 --
In Greater Depth: Hot Spots --
A Classic Disaster: Santorini and the Lost Island of Atlantis --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Volcanism at Spreading Centers --
Iceland --
Volcanism at Subduction Zones --
Cascade Range, Pacific Coast of United States and Canada --
In Greater Depth: Rapid Assembly and Rise of Magma --
Volcanic Processess and Killer Events --
The Historic Record of Volcano Fatalities --
Pyroclastic Eruptions --
A Classic Disaster: Mont Pelee, Martinique, 1902 --
Tsunami --
Lahars --
Debris Avalanches --
Side Note: Death at Ashfall, Nebraska --
Indirect-Famine --
Gas --
Lava Flows --
VEIs of Some Killer Eruptions --
Volcano Monitoring and Warning --
Long Valley, California, 1982 --
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991 --
Signs of Impending Eruption --
Volcano Observatories --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Japanese Tsunami, 11 March 2011 --
Tsunami Travel Through the Pacific Ocean --
Land Subsidence --
Side Note: Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster --
British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, 26 January 1700 --
Waves in Water --
Wind-Caused Waves --
Why a Wind-Blown Wave Breaks --
Rogue Waves --
In Greater Depth: Deep-Water Wave Velocity, Length, Period, and Energy --
Tsunami --
Tsunami Versus Wind-Caused Waves --
A Classic Disaster: The Chile Tsunami of 1868 --
Tsunami at the Shoreline --
Earthquake-Caused Tsunami --
Indian Ocean 26 December 2004 --
Alaska, 1 April 1946: First Wave Biggest --
Chile, 22 May 1960: Third Wave Biggest --
Alaska, 27 March 1964: Fifth Wave Biggest --
Volcano-Caused Tsunami --
Krakatau, Indonesia, 26-27 August 1883 --
Landslide-Caused Tsunami --
Volcano Collapses --
Earthquake-Triggered Movements --
In Bays and Lakes --
Seiches --
Hebgen Lake, Montana, 17 August 1959 --
Tsunami and You --
Simeulue Island, Indonesia, 26 December 2004 --
Nicaragua, 1 September 1992 --
Humans Can Increase the Hazard --
Tsunami Warnings --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Disaster Simulation Game --
External Sources of Energy --
The Sun --
Solar Radiation Received by Earth --
Outgoing Terrestrial Radiation --
Greenhouse Effect --
Albedo --
The Hydrologic Cycle --
Water and Heat --
In Greater Depth: Water-The Most Peculiar Substance on Earth? --
Convection --
Water Vapor and Humidity --
Latent Heat --
Adiabatic Processes --
Lapse Rates --
Differential Heating of Land and Water --
Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere --
Energy Transfer in the World Ocean --
Layering of the Lower Atmosphere --
Temperature --
Pressure --
Winds --
Pressure Gradient Force --
In Greater Depth: Coriolis Effect --
Rotating Air Bodies --
General Circulation of the Atmosphere --
Low Latitudes --
High Latitudes --
Middle Latitudes --
Observed Circulation of the Atmosphere --
General Circulation of the Oceans --
Surface Circulation --
Deep-Ocean Circulation --
Summary --
Terms to Remember --
Questions for Review --
Questions for Further Thought --
Severe Weather --
Winter Storms --
Cold --
Precipitation --
Nor'Easters --
In Greater Depth: Doppler Radar --
Blizzards --
Ice Storms --
Lake-Effect Snow --
How Thunderstorms Work --
Lifting of Air --
Air-Mass Thunderstorms

✦ Subjects

Natural disasters