Nanotubes and Nanofibers

✍ Scribed by Yury Gogotsi

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 250
• Series: Advanced Materials and Technologies
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Size, Shape, and Synthesis Key to “Tuning” Properties

The discovery and rapid evolution of carbon nanotubes have led to a vastly improved understanding of nanotechnology, as well as dozens of possible applications for nanomaterials of different shapes and sizes ranging from composites to biology, medicine, energy, transportation, and electronic devices. Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers an overview of structure–property relationships, synthesis and purification, and potential applications of carbon nanotubes and fibers, including whiskers, cones, nanobelts, and nanowires.

Using research on carbon nanotubes as a foundation to further developments, this book discusses methods for growing and synthesizing amorphous and nanocrystalline graphitic carbon structures and inorganic nanomaterials, including wet chemical synthesis, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), arc discharge, and others. It also describes boron nitride and metal chalcogenide nanotubes in detail and reviews the unique properties and methods for characterizing and producing single-crystalline semiconducting and functional-oxide nanowires. The chapters also identify challenges involving the controlled growth, processing, and assembly of organic and inorganic nanostructures that must be addressed before large-scale applications can be implemented.

Edited by award-winning professor and researcher Dr. Yury Gogotsi, Nanotubes and Nanofibers offers a well-rounded perspective on the advances leading to improved nanomaterial properties for a range of new devices and applications including electronic devices, structural composites, hydrogen and gas storage, electrodes in electrochemical energy-storage systems, sorbents, and filters.

✦ Table of Contents

Nanotubes and Nanofibers......Page 1
Advanced Materials Series......Page 2
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Editor......Page 7
Contributors......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 9
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 10
1.2.1 SINGLE-WALL TUBES, BUNDLES, AND CRYSTALLINE ROPES......Page 12
1.2.3 MACROSCOPIC NANOTUBE MATERIALS......Page 14
1.2.5 FILLED TUBES......Page 16
1.2.6 NANOTUBE SUSPENSIONS......Page 19
1.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 20
1.3.1 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 21
1.3.2 THERMAL PROPERTIES......Page 22
1.3.3 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES......Page 27
1.3.4 MAGNETIC AND SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
CONTENTS......Page 46
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 47
2.2 CARBON NANOTUBE MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE......Page 48
2.3 SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 49
2.4 OPENING OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 50
2.5 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 51
2.5.2 REACTIONS OF CARBOXYLIC GROUPS ATTACHED TO NANOTUBES......Page 52
2.5.3 FLUORINATION......Page 56
2.5.4 AMIDATION......Page 57
2.5.5 OTHER TYPES OF COVALENT BONDING......Page 59
2.5.6 NONCOVALENT BONDING......Page 62
2.5.8 SELF-ASSEMBLY, FILM, AND FIBER FORMATION......Page 65
2.6 FILLING THE INNER CAVITY OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 68
2.6.1 IN SITU FILLING......Page 69
2.6.2.1 Filling from Liquid Media......Page 70
2.6.2.2 Filling from Gas Phase......Page 72
2.6.3 REACTIONS INSIDE NANOTUBE......Page 73
2.6.4 THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS INSIDE NANOTUBES......Page 74
2.7 ADSORPTION AND STORAGE OF GASES......Page 75
2.7.1 HYDROGEN PROBLEM......Page 76
2.7.2 CARBON NANOTUBE GAS SENSORS......Page 78
2.8.1 BIOSENSORS......Page 79
2.9.1 SUBSTITUTION OF THE CARBON ATOMS OF NANOTUBES......Page 81
2.9.2 DECORATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES......Page 82
2.10 INTERCALATION OF “GUEST? MOIETIES......Page 84
REFERENCES......Page 86
ABSTRACT......Page 118
3.2 GRAPHITE WHISKERS AND CONES......Page 119
3.2.1.1 Whiskers......Page 120
3.2.1.2 Cones......Page 122
3.2.2 OCCURRENCE OF GRAPHITE WHISKERS AND CONES IN NATURE......Page 125
3.2.3 STRUCTURE: GEOMETRICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 126
3.2.4.1 Electronic Properties of Synthetic Whiskers and Cones......Page 130
3.2.4.2 Raman Spectra......Page 131
3.3.1 SYNTHESIS......Page 132
3.3.2 STRUCTURE OF POLYGONAL TUBES......Page 134
3.3.3.1 Electronic Band Structure......Page 137
3.3.3.2 Raman Spectra......Page 138
3.3.3.3 Chemical, Thermal, and Mechanical Stability......Page 139
3.4 CONCLUSIONS......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
4.1 PREFACE......Page 144
4.2 SYNTHESIS OF INORGANIC NANOTUBES......Page 147
4.3 INORGANIC NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE STRUCTURES STUDIED BY COMPUTATIONAL METHODS......Page 153
4.4 STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF INORGANIC NANOTUBES IN RELATION TO THEIR APPLICATIONS......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 159
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 165
5.2.1 HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE......Page 166
5.2.2 BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBE STRUCTURE......Page 167
5.2.3 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF BORON NITRIDE NANOTUBE CHIRALITY......Page 169
5.3.1 ARC DISCHARGE AND ARC MELTING......Page 172
5.3.2 LASER-ASSISTED METHOD......Page 174
5.3.3 BALL MILLING AND ANNEALING......Page 176
5.3.4 CARBON NANOTUBE SUBSTITUTION......Page 177
5.3.5 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION AND OTHER THERMAL METHODS......Page 180
5.4 SUMMARY......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 186
6.2 NANOCOMPOSITE FABRICATION AND NANOTUBE ALIGNMENT......Page 188
6.3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES......Page 192
6.4 THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 194
6.5 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY......Page 197
6.6 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND FLAMMABILITY......Page 199
6.7 CONCLUSIONS......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 202
ABSTRACT......Page 205
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 206
7.2 STRATEGIES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1-D NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 207
7.2.1 METAL NANOCLUSTERS: FACILITATING 1-D GROWTH......Page 208
7.2.2 LASER-ASSISTED METAL-CATALYZED NANOWIRE GROWTH......Page 209
7.2.3 METAL-CATALYZED VAPOR?LIQUID?SOLID GROWTH......Page 210
7.2.4 VAPOR?SOLID?SOLID GROWTH......Page 212
7.2.6 CHEMICAL SOLUTION-BASED GROWTH......Page 213
7.2.7 TEMPLATE-ASSISTED GROWTH......Page 215
7.3.1 CONTROL OF DIAMETER AND DIAMETER DISPERSION......Page 217
7.3.2 CONTROL OF SHAPE: NOVEL TOPOLOGIES......Page 218
7.3.4 HIERARCHAL 1-D NANOSTRUCTURES......Page 219
7.3.5 AXIAL AND RADIAL MODULATION OF COMPOSITION AND DOPING......Page 221
7.4.1 MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES AND PHONON TRANSPORT......Page 226
7.4.2 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRES......Page 227
7.4.3 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOWIRES......Page 228
REFERENCES......Page 231
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 239
8.2 THE ELECTROSPINNING PROCESS......Page 240
8.3 KEY PROCESSING PARAMETERS......Page 241
8.5 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSPUN FIBERS......Page 244
8.5.2 NANOFIBERS FOR CHEMICAL/BIO PROTECTIVE MEMBRANES......Page 245
8.5.3 NANOCOMPOSITE FIBERS FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS......Page 248
8.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 249
REFERENCES......Page 250