Preface
Abbreviation
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 History of Nanotechnology
1.2 Nano
1.3 Nano Scale and Nanostructures
1.4 Nano Technology
1.5 Nanofibers
1.6 Nanoparticles (NPTs)
1.7 Membrane
1.7.1 Membrane Definition
1.7.1.1 Composite Membranes
1.7.1.2 Nanocomposite Membranes
1.7.1.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
1.7.1.4 Liquid Membranes
1.7.1.5 Ion-Exchange Membranes
1.7.1.6 Ceramic Membranes
1.7.1.7 Cell Membranes
1.7.1.8 Biometric Membranes
1.8 Pores in Membrane
1.9 Filtration
1.9.1 Ultrafiltration (UF)
1.9.2 Nanofiltration (NF)
1.9.2.1 Specific Advantages and Disadvantages
Effectiveness
1.9.3 Microfiltration (MF)
1.9.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
1.9.5 Forward Osmosis (FO)
1.9.6 Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO)
1.10 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Membrane Preparation
2.1 Material
2.1.1 Materials of Nanoporous Membranes
2.1.1.1 Materials of Nanoparticles for MMM
2.1.2 Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
2.1.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials
2.1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
2.1.2.3 Nano Metal Oxides
2.1.2.4 Nanosilver/Ag Nanoparticles
2.1.2.5 Iron Oxides
2.1.2.6 Nano-zero Valent Iron
2.1.2.7 Graphene
2.1.2.8 Silica
2.1.2.9 Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)
2.1.2.10 Zeolite
2.1.2.11 Boehmite
2.1.2.12 Nano-CaCO3
2.1.2.13 TiO2 Nanoparticles
2.1.2.14 Metal/Metal-oxide Nanoparticles
2.1.2.15 Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.1.3 Fibrous Materials
2.1.4 Nanoparticle Synthesis
2.2 Method (Preparation of Membranes)
2.2.1 Flat Sheet
2.2.1.1 Phase Inversion Technique
2.2.2 Interfacial Polymerization (IP)
2.2.3 Track-Etching
2.2.4 Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs)
2.2.5 Hollow Fiber Membranes (HFMs)
2.2.6 TFC Hollow Fiber Fabrication
2.2.6.1 Dip Coating
2.2.6.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
2.2.7 Nanofiber Preparation
2.2.7.1 Electrospinning
2.2.7.2 Centrifugal Spinning
2.2.7.3 Melt Electrospinning
2.2.8 Formation of a Superhydrophilic Membranes
2.2.9 Freeze-Drying
2.2.10 Cell Membrane
2.2.11 Ion-Exchange Membrane (IEM)
2.2.12 Other Methods for the Preparation of Membranes
2.2.12.1 Spraying
2.2.12.2 Foaming
2.2.12.3 Particle Leaching
2.2.12.4 Precipitation from the Vapor Phase
2.2.12.5 Sintering
2.2.12.6 Stretching
2.3 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Membrane Characterization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Pore Size and Pore Size Distribution
3.2.2 Membrane Morphology
3.2.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.2.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.2.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
3.2.2.4 Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy (LCSM)
3.2.2.5 Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS)
3.2.2.6 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS)
3.2.2.7 Neutron Scattering (NS)
3.2.2.8 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR)
3.2.2.9 Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) and Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS)
3.2.3 Membrane Chemistry
3.2.3.1 Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)
3.2.3.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)
3.2.3.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.2.3.4 Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
3.2.3.5 Raman Spectroscopy (RS)
3.2.3.6 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
3.2.3.7 Ellipsometry
3.2.3.8 Fluorescence Microscopy
3.2.3.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
3.2.3.10 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
3.3 Other Techniques
3.3.1 Zeta Potential Measurement
3.3.2 Contact Angle Measurement
3.3.3 Thin Film Characterization through Grazing Angle FT-IR Microscope
3.3.4 Ultrasonic
3.3.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis
3.3.6 Liquid Entry Pressure
3.3.7 Tensile Strength Measurement
3.3.8 Graft Density
3.4 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Membrane Modification
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Modification Methods
4.2.1 Modifications Pre Membrane Fabrication
4.2.1.1 Blending
4.2.2 Post-treatment
4.2.2.1 Physical Methods
Thermal Treatment
Vapor Deposition
Polymerization
Plasma Treatment
Ultrasonication
4.2.2.2 Chemical Methods
Grafting
Oxidations/Ozone Treatment
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)
Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization (RAFT)
Photochemical Grafting
Aminolysis
Acid Treatment
Hydrolysis
Nanoparticles on the Membrane Surface
4.3 Other Technique’s
4.3.1 Surface Coating
4.3.2 Filler Modification
4.4 Modification of Different Membranes
4.4.1 Flat Sheet Membrane
4.4.2 Hollow Fiber Membrane
4.4.3 Nanofibrous Membranes
4.5 Functionalization of CNTs
4.6 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Mechanism
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Theory for MMMs for Gas Separation
5.2.1 Interfacial Defects on Mixed Matrix Membranes (MMMs) for Gas Separation [3]
5.2.2 Ideal Mixed Matrix Membrane
5.2.2.1 Non-ideal MMM
5.2.3 MMMs Containing Nanotubes
5.3 Modeling of Reverse Osmosis
5.3.1 Solution-Diffusion (SD) Model
5.3.1.1 Spielger–Kedem (Kedem–Katchalsky) Model
5.4 Glossary of Model Designation
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Membrane Applications
6.1 Separation of Gases
6.1.1 CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4
6.1.2 Oxygen Enrichment
6.1.3 SO2 and H2S
6.2 Water/Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1 Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles in Water Purification
6.2.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes
6.2.3 Nanofibers in Water Treatment
6.2.4 Aquaporin-Based Membranes in Water Treatment
6.3 Removal of Dyes
6.4 Oil/Water Separation
6.5 Desalination
6.5.1 Reverse Osmosis
6.5.2 Nanofiltration (NF)
6.5.3 Forward Osmosis (FO)
6.5.4 Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO)
6.5.5 Pervaporation
6.5.6 Membrane Distillation
6.6 Electrospun Nanofibers/Membrane for Water/Wastewater Treatment
6.6.1 Nanofiltration
6.6.1.1 Membrane Distillation
6.7 Separation of Organic Mixtures Via Pervaporation
6.7.1 Separation of Organic Solvents
6.7.2 Alcohol Dehydration
6.8 Removal of Heavy Metals Via Adsorption
6.9 Ion Exchange Membranes
6.10 Liquid Membranes
6.11 Medical and Pharmaceutical
6.12 Fuel Cells
6.13 Sensor
6.14 Air Purification
6.15 Military
6.16 Food Industry
6.17 Others
6.18 Summary
References
Index