Front Cover......Page 1
Nanotechnology in Eco-efficient Construction......Page 2
Nanotechnology in Eco-efficient Construction: Materials, Processes and Applications......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 16
1.1 Recent nanotechnology advancements and limitations......Page 22
1.2 Nanotech-based materials for eco-efficient construction......Page 24
1.3 Outline of the Book......Page 26
References......Page 29
One - Mortars and concrete related applications......Page 32
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2 Types of nanomaterials in cement-based composites......Page 36
2.3 Role of nanoparticles in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC)......Page 38
2.4 UHPC curing regimes......Page 39
2.4.1 Curing in water......Page 40
2.4.2 Steam-curing regime......Page 42
2.4.3 Autoclaving......Page 45
2.5.1 Compressive strength......Page 48
2.5.2 Flexural strength......Page 51
2.6 Production problems and recommendations for practical application......Page 53
Acknowledgments......Page 54
References......Page 55
3.1 Introduction......Page 64
3.2.1 Nonencapsulated self-healing systems......Page 66
3.2.2 Encapsulated self-healing systems......Page 67
3.3.1 Modifications in the microstructural properties......Page 68
3.3.2 Modifications in the physico-mechanical performance......Page 71
3.3.3 Modifications in the self-healing capacity......Page 77
3.4 Durability of self-healing HPC under aggressive environments......Page 79
3.5 Future trends......Page 83
References......Page 84
4.1 Introduction......Page 90
4.3 Graphene oxide......Page 92
4.3.2 Structure of GO......Page 93
4.4.1 Effects on mechanical properties......Page 95
4.4.2 The influence of GO on durability......Page 96
4.5 Some structural applications of GO/cement composites in repairing of reinforced concrete......Page 98
4.6 Summary of the chapter......Page 109
References......Page 110
5.1 Introduction......Page 118
5.2 Nanotechnology in alkali-activated materials......Page 119
5.3 Effects of nanosilica on alkali-activated materials......Page 121
5.4 Effect of nanoclay on alkali-activated materials......Page 126
5.5 Effect of nano-TiO2 on alkali-activated materials......Page 129
5.6 Effects of carbon nanotube on alkali-activated materials......Page 132
5.7 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 135
References......Page 136
6.1 Introduction......Page 144
6.2.1 Main effects......Page 145
6.3.2.1 Mixing of nanomaterials......Page 146
6.3.3 Factorial design......Page 148
6.3.3.1 Fractional design......Page 150
6.3.5 Fracture toughness measurement technique......Page 151
6.4.1 Effect of nanofillers on KIC of the MEYEB geopolymer......Page 153
6.4.2 Statistical analysis of KIC data......Page 155
References......Page 160
7.1 Introduction......Page 162
7.2 Cement hydration......Page 163
7.4.1 What is nanoindentation?......Page 165
7.4.2 Determination of material properties......Page 166
7.4.3 Unique advantages, assumptions, and limitations......Page 167
7.4.4 Nanoindentation for cementitious materials......Page 168
7.4.5 Factors influencing the results of nanoindentation......Page 169
7.5 Properties of cement hydration products—experimental investigations......Page 170
7.6.1 Cement paste (CP) specimens......Page 172
7.6.1.1 Cement paste with fly ash (CPFA) specimens......Page 176
7.6.1.2 Way forward......Page 178
References......Page 179
Two - Applications for pavements and other infrastructure materials......Page 184
8.1 Introduction......Page 186
8.2.1 Nanoclay modified asphalt......Page 187
8.2.2 Nanosilica modified asphalt cement......Page 192
8.2.3 Carbon nanotubes modified asphalt cement......Page 193
8.3 Laboratory techniques for preparation of nanoparticles modified asphalt mixtures......Page 194
8.4.2 Modified asphalt binders preparation......Page 195
8.4.4 Determination of volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures......Page 196
8.5 Advantages and disadvantages of nanoparticles in the modification of asphalt mixtures......Page 198
8.6.1 Influence of nanoparticles on resilient modulus of asphalt mixtures......Page 199
8.6.2 Effect of nanoparticles on dynamic creep......Page 201
8.6.3 Impact of nanoparticles on the rutting distress......Page 202
8.6.4 Influence of nanoparticles on moisture susceptibility......Page 203
8.8 Challenges of nanoparticles modification......Page 204
Acknowledgments......Page 205
References......Page 206
9.2.1 Application of nanomineral materials on asphalt mixture modification......Page 208
9.2.2 Application of carbon nanotubes and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGNP) on asphalt mixture modification......Page 209
9.2.3 Examination on mixture uniformity......Page 212
9.3.1.1 Enhancement on mechanical properties of asphalt binder due to nanomineral modification......Page 214
9.3.2.1 Change on mechanical properties of asphalt binder due to nanocarbon modification......Page 215
9.3.2.2 Modification on the electrical, thermal, and optical performance of the nanomodified asphalt mixture......Page 216
9.3.3 Bonding strength examination between the mineral aggregate and nanomaterials modified asphalt binder......Page 217
References......Page 218
10.1 Introduction......Page 224
10.2.1.2 Graphene oxide......Page 225
10.2.2.2 X-ray diffraction test......Page 226
10.2.4.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry test......Page 227
10.2.4.5 Bending beams rheometer test......Page 228
10.3.1.2 Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis......Page 229
10.3.1.4 XRD analysis of GO MA......Page 231
10.3.2.1 Storage stability......Page 233
10.3.2.2 Physical properties......Page 234
10.3.2.3.2 Low temperature sweep......Page 236
10.3.2.5 Thermal properties......Page 239
10.4 Aging characteristics of modified binders......Page 241
References......Page 245
11.1 Introduction......Page 248
11.2.1 Nanocementitious composites......Page 249
11.2.2 Nanopolymer composites......Page 251
11.3 Fabrication and signal measurement of nanocomposites......Page 253
11.3.1 Dispersion of nanofillers and mix design......Page 254
11.3.2 Measurement sensing signals of nanocomposites......Page 256
11.4.1 Sensing properties of nanocementitious composites under loadings......Page 258
11.4.2 Sensing properties of nanopolymer composites under loadings......Page 261
11.5 Sensing mechanisms of nanocomposites......Page 263
11.6.1 Monitoring for structural parameters......Page 267
11.6.2 Monitoring for traffic parameters......Page 270
References......Page 272
Further reading......Page 280
12.1 Introduction......Page 282
12.2.1 Materials and mixture design......Page 284
12.2.2 Samples and set-up description......Page 285
12.2.3 Test methods......Page 287
12.3.1 Influence of conductive admixtures on the workability......Page 289
12.3.2.1 Effect of conductive materials on the compressive and flexural strength......Page 290
12.3.3 Influence of conductive admixtures on the relationship between strain and FCR (self-monitoring of strain)......Page 292
12.3.4 Influence of conductive admixtures on the relationship between FCR and flexural load-bearing capacity......Page 295
12.3.5 Influence of conductive admixtures on the relationship between FCR and crack opening displacement......Page 296
12.4 Conclusion......Page 298
References......Page 299
13.1 Introduction......Page 302
13.2 Ice protection strategies......Page 303
13.3 Types of infrastructure applications for ice protection......Page 304
13.4 Basics of icephobic nanocoatings......Page 305
13.5 Nanocoatings with organic fillers......Page 307
13.6.1 Silica-based......Page 308
13.6.2 Carbon-based......Page 312
13.6.3 Metallic and metallic oxide-based......Page 313
13.7 Hybrid nanocoatings......Page 315
13.8 Functionalized nanomaterials......Page 316
13.9 Analysis......Page 317
13.10 Future trends......Page 318
References......Page 319
14.1 Introduction......Page 324
14.2 Corrosion and nanocoatings: ways of protection......Page 325
14.3.1 Inorganic nanocoatings......Page 327
14.3.2 Organic nanocoatings......Page 331
14.3.3 Manufacturing methods......Page 334
14.4 Advanced nanocoatings: introduction of self-healing properties......Page 335
14.4.1 Polymeric coatings......Page 338
14.5 Implementation of nanocoatings......Page 340
14.5.1 Patents review......Page 341
14.6 Future trends......Page 342
References......Page 346
15.1 Introduction......Page 358
15.2 Nanofillers for anticorrosion coatings......Page 359
15.4 Metal oxide nanofillers......Page 362
15.5 Polymeric nanofillers......Page 365
15.6.1 Carbon nanotubes......Page 367
15.6.2 Nanodiamonds......Page 368
15.6.3 Graphene-based nanomaterials......Page 370
References......Page 374
16.1 Introduction......Page 382
16.2 Requirements for fire safety of wooden building structures......Page 383
16.3.1 Intumescent coatings......Page 385
16.3.2 Fire retardant impregnations......Page 386
16.4.1 Layered aluminosilicates (nanoclays)......Page 387
16.4.2 Nanooxides and inorganic flame retardants......Page 391
16.4.3 Nanosilica sol and silicon compounds......Page 393
16.4.4 Nanostructured carbon materials......Page 395
16.5 Mechanisms of fire-protective action of nanocompounds......Page 396
16.5.1 Chemical interactions......Page 399
16.5.2 Physical factors......Page 400
16.6 Increasing of the durability and biological stability of wood......Page 401
16.7 Perspectives and recommendations......Page 403
References......Page 404
Three - Applications for building energy efficiency......Page 414
17.1 Introduction......Page 416
17.2 Aerogel synthesis and market......Page 417
17.2.1 Aerogel synthesis......Page 418
17.2.2 Aerogel market......Page 420
17.3 Aerogel properties......Page 421
17.4.1 Aerogel-enhanced mortars and concretes......Page 423
17.4.2 Aerogel-enhanced Plasters......Page 426
17.4.3 Aerogel-enhanced Blankets......Page 430
17.5 Conclusions......Page 433
References......Page 434
Further reading......Page 437
18.1 Introduction......Page 438
18.2.2 Switchable or chromogenic glazing......Page 439
18.2.4 Insulation-filled glazing......Page 442
18.3 Aerogel and its properties......Page 443
18.4 Aerogel manufacturing......Page 444
18.4.2 Purification and aging......Page 445
18.5 Aerogel windows and glazing units......Page 446
18.5.1.2 Commercial building in Hong Kong......Page 447
18.5.1.3 Office building in Central London......Page 448
18.5.1.5 School building in London......Page 449
18.5.1.6 The Monetary Times building, Toronto, Canada......Page 450
18.5.1.7 Office building, London, UK......Page 451
18.5.2 Research progress......Page 452
18.5.4 Challenges ahead......Page 453
References......Page 457
19.1 Introduction......Page 462
19.2.1 Device architectures and performances of semitransparent PVs......Page 463
19.2.2 Highly transparent perovskite-based PVs......Page 466
19.2.3 Building integration of perovskite-based solar cells: effects on energy balance and visual comfort......Page 468
19.3 The evolution of multifunctional chromogenics......Page 471
19.4.1 Multifunctional devices: design and figures of merit......Page 474
19.4.2 Building integration of chromogenic devices......Page 478
19.5 Forthcoming perspectives for multifunctional windows......Page 479
References......Page 481
20.1 Introduction......Page 488
20.2 On the energy saving potential and other assets......Page 491
20.3.1 Generic device design......Page 495
20.3.2 The key role of nanostructure......Page 497
20.3.3 Optical properties......Page 498
20.3.4 Some comments on mixed electrochromic oxides......Page 499
20.4 Flexible electrochromic foils: a case study......Page 501
20.5.1 Improved durability and rejuvenation of electrochromic thin films by electrochemical treatment......Page 504
20.5.2 Electrolyte functionalization......Page 508
20.6 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 509
References......Page 510
21.1 Introduction......Page 524
21.2.1 Preparation of VO2 nanoparticles......Page 525
21.2.2 Composite nanostructures of VO2 (core shelling, hybridization, etc.)......Page 527
21.2.3 Products of VO2-based thermochromic flexible foils......Page 529
21.3.1 Fabrication methods of VO2 thin films......Page 531
21.3.2 Structure and optical design of VO2-based multilayer films......Page 532
21.3.3 Multifunctional structures......Page 533
21.3.4 Scaling up and challenges......Page 536
21.4 Future trends......Page 538
21.5 Sources of further information and advice......Page 539
References......Page 540
Four - Photocatalytic applications......Page 546
22.1 Introduction: historical hints......Page 548
22.2 The most common photocatalyst: titanium dioxide......Page 550
22.3 Other photocatalysts in cement-based materials......Page 551
22.3.2 Hybrid oxides......Page 552
22.4 Photocatalytic mortars and concretes......Page 553
22.4.1 Degradation of pollutants......Page 554
22.4.1.2 Air purification......Page 555
22.4.1.3 In service studies and pilot tests......Page 559
22.4.2.1 Self-cleaning......Page 560
22.4.2.2 Antivegetative properties......Page 562
22.4.3.1 Interactions between TiO2 and binders......Page 563
22.4.3.2 Changes of mortar properties......Page 564
22.4.4.1 Carbonation......Page 565
22.5 Existing standards on photocatalytic materials......Page 567
References......Page 569
23.1 Introduction......Page 578
23.2.1 Titanium dioxide......Page 582
23.2.2 Other semiconductors, composites, and mixtures......Page 585
23.3 Coatings: application procedures and characteristics......Page 587
23.3.1 Coating techniques......Page 588
23.3.2 Thickness and roughness......Page 590
23.3.3 Adhesion and durability......Page 591
23.4.1 Determination of main photocatalyst characteristics......Page 594
23.4.2 Analysis of coating surface properties......Page 595
23.5.1 NOx abatement......Page 596
23.5.2 VOCs abatement......Page 602
23.6 Challenges and future perspectives......Page 604
References......Page 605
24.1 Introduction......Page 612
24.2 Degradation of building facades by natural and artificial agents......Page 613
24.3.1 Superhydrophobic additives......Page 616
24.3.2.2 Determination of self-cleaning properties......Page 618
24.3.2.3 Assessment of durability......Page 625
24.3.3 Combined (superhydrophobic and photocatalytic) additives......Page 629
References......Page 635
25.1 Introduction......Page 640
25.2 Biodegradation of building surfaces: nanomaterials to inhibit microbial colonization......Page 642
25.3 Nanostructured titanium dioxide to limit algal contamination......Page 645
25.3.1 Experimental setup......Page 646
25.3.2.2 Microscopic morphology......Page 649
25.3.2.4 Biocidal performances......Page 650
25.4 Effectiveness of TiO2-based nanoproducts to inhibit algal growth......Page 652
25.5 Outlook and future research pathways......Page 658
References......Page 659
26.1 Introduction......Page 670
26.2 Self-cleaning coating system......Page 671
26.3.1 Measurement site and result......Page 672
26.3.2 Solar reflectance......Page 674
26.3.4.1 Influence of solar altitude......Page 676
26.3.4.2 Influence of dirt and coating deterioration......Page 678
26.3.4.3 Prediction of solar reflectance change in the other area......Page 679
26.4.1 Outline of calculation......Page 680
26.4.4 Cost-saving......Page 682
26.5.1 Outline of measurement......Page 686
26.5.2 Method of evaluating cooling energy savings......Page 689
26.5.3 Examination of cooling energy savings......Page 691
26.6 Summary......Page 693
References......Page 694
27.1 Introduction......Page 696
27.2 Advanced oxidation processes and semiconductor photocatalysis......Page 697
27.2.2 Photocatalytic ozonation......Page 698
27.2.3 Photocatalytic reactors based on TiO2......Page 699
27.2.3.1 Thin film reactors......Page 700
27.2.3.4 Fluidized bed reactors......Page 701
27.2.3.5 Monolith reactors......Page 702
27.3.1 Immobilization......Page 703
27.3.2.1 Increasing porosity......Page 705
27.3.2.2 Decreasing particle size......Page 707
27.3.3 Increasing photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination......Page 709
27.4.1 Disinfection......Page 712
27.4.2 Degradation of dyes......Page 713
27.4.3 Degradation of surfactants......Page 714
27.4.4.2 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products......Page 715
27.4.5 Simulated and real wastewater......Page 716
27.5 Conclusion and further perspectives......Page 718
References......Page 719
Five - Toxicity, safety handling and environmental impacts......Page 724
28.2 The “nano” scale......Page 726
28.3 Nanoparticle physicochemical characteristic–dependent toxicity......Page 727
28.4.1 Nanoparticle size in the respiratory system......Page 731
28.4.2 Nanoparticle size–dependent cellular uptake......Page 733
28.4.3 Mechanisms of nanoparticle toxicity inside cells......Page 734
28.5 Nanoparticle aggregation and shape dependent toxicity......Page 736
28.6 Nanoparticle composition–dependent toxicity......Page 738
28.7 Inhalation of nanoparticles......Page 741
28.7.1 Occupational nanoparticle inhalation and toxicity......Page 742
28.7.2 Nanoparticles detected in human tissues......Page 744
28.7.3 Toxicity and carcinogenicity of nanoparticles in humans and animals......Page 754
28.8 Nanoparticle biodistribution and persistence......Page 755
28.9 Ingestion of nanoparticles......Page 761
28.10 Outline of nanoparticle toxicity......Page 763
References......Page 766
29.1 Background......Page 776
29.2 Risk management......Page 777
29.2.1 Bow-tie, a model for accident and exposure processes......Page 778
29.3 Occupational risk assessment......Page 780
29.3.2 Qualitative risk assessment......Page 781
29.3.3 Control banding......Page 783
29.3.3.1 Control banding methods—CB Nanotool......Page 784
29.3.3.2 CB methods—Stoffenmanager Nano 1.0......Page 787
29.3.3.3 Control banding methods—other methods......Page 788
29.4 Risk control......Page 789
29.4.1 Risk management in construction......Page 790
29.4.2 Design analysis......Page 793
29.4.3 Systematic design analysis approach......Page 795
29.5 Construction processes and nanomaterials......Page 796
29.6 Final remarks......Page 798
References......Page 799
30.1 Introduction......Page 806
30.2.1 Definitions for airborne engineered nanomaterials and NOAA......Page 807
30.2.3 Harmonized strategy for NOAA exposure measurements in the workplace......Page 808
30.2.3.3 Expert exposure assessment......Page 809
30.2.4.1 Background characterization......Page 811
30.2.4.2 Laboratory simulations and dustiness tests......Page 812
30.3.1 Real-time instruments......Page 813
30.3.2 Integration time instruments......Page 817
30.3.3.2 Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography......Page 819
Scanning electron microscope......Page 824
30.3.3.4 Complementary instruments......Page 826
30.4 Conclusions......Page 827
References......Page 828
31.1 Introduction......Page 836
31.2 Potential release of and exposure to engineered nanomaterials during different life cycle stages......Page 838
31.2.2 Release and exposure during the use-phase......Page 839
31.2.3 Release and exposure during the end-of-life stage......Page 840
31.2.4 Other relevant aspects in the impact pathway......Page 842
31.3.1 Goal and scope definition......Page 843
31.3.2 Life cycle inventory analysis......Page 845
31.4 State of the art and limitations of LCA studies applied to engineered nanomaterials......Page 846
31.4.1 Classification of studies......Page 847
31.4.3 Limitations of the applications of LCA to ENMs: methodological and data gaps......Page 848
31.4.4 Sources of uncertainty, assumptions and limitations of life cycle assessment in the context of engineered nanomaterials......Page 851
31.5 Recent developments to fill gaps, and potential for integrating life cycle assessment and risk assessment......Page 854
31.6 Conclusions......Page 859
References......Page 860
A......Page 868
B......Page 870
C......Page 871
D......Page 874
E......Page 875
F......Page 876
G......Page 877
H......Page 878
I......Page 879
L......Page 880
M......Page 881
N......Page 883
O......Page 887
P......Page 888
Q......Page 890
S......Page 891
T......Page 894
U......Page 895
W......Page 896
Z......Page 897
Back Cover......Page 898