Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications

✍ Scribed by Sreerag Gopi (editor), Preetha Balakrishnan (editor), Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 499
• Series: Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials
• Edition: 1st ed. 2022
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides an overview of the use of nanoparticles, carbon-nanotubes, liposomes, and nanopatterned flat surfaces for specific biomedical applications. This book explains the chemical and physical properties of the surface of these materials that allow their use in diagnosis, biosensing and bioimaging devices, drug delivery systems, and bone substitute implants. The toxicology of these particles is also discussed in the light of a new field referred to as nanotoxicology in this book. This book will be useful for engineers, researchers and industry professionals primarily in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, surface science, nanocatalysis, biotechnology and biomedicine.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Editors
1 Introduction to Biomedical Applications in Nanotechnology
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology in Biomedical Applications
3 Properties Involved in Biomedical Applications
3.1 Magnetic Property
3.2 Optical Property
3.3 Surface Morphology
4 Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application
4.1 Drug Delivery Systems
4.2 Biosensors
4.3 Antibacterial Agents
References
2 Lipid Nanocarriers: Applications in Biomedical Research and in Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification
2 Liposome
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Composition
2.3 Methods for Preparation of Liposomes
3 Different Methods Used to Prepare Liposomes Are Given Below
3.1 Thin Film Hydration Method (Bangham Method)
3.2 Ethanol Injection Method
3.3 Ether Injection
3.4 Sonication
3.5 Extrusion
3.6 Micro Emulsification Method
3.7 Applications
4 Transferosomes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Composition
4.3 Mechanism of Action of Transferosome
5 Methods of Preparation
5.1 Rotary Film Evaporation Method
5.2 Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
5.3 Vortex/Sonication Method
5.4 Ethanol Injection Method
5.5 Freeze Thaw Method
5.6 Applications
6 Ethosomes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Composition
6.3 Mechanism of Penetration
6.4 Methods of Preparation
6.5 Applications
7 Conclusion
References
3 Nanoemulsions
1 Introduction
2 NE Fabrication
2.1 Emulsifiers/Oil Phase
2.2 High Energy Emulsification Process (Top-Down)
2.3 Low-Energy Emulsification Process (Bottom-Up)
3 Characterization
4 Biomedical Applications
5 Conclusions
References
4 Quantum Dot Nanomaterials as the Aptasensing Platforms
1 Introduction
2 Aptasensing Platforms
2.1 Optical Aptasensing Platforms
2.2 Electrochemical Aptasensing Platforms
3 Conclusion
References
5 Carbon Dots: Fundamental Concepts and Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Development of Carbon Dots Over Past Decade
2.1 Discovery of Carbon Dots: Newest Member of Carbon Family
2.2 Evolution of Diverse Routes for Carbon Dots Synthesis
2.3 Emergence of Heteroatom-Doping and Co-Doping
2.4 Synthesis of Carbon Dots from Natural Materials and Waste Products
3 Biomedical Applications of Carbon Dots
3.1 In Vitro Imaging
3.2 Microbial Detection Probe
3.3 In Vivo Imaging
3.4 Photoacoustic Imaging
3.5 Biosensing
3.6 Targeted Drug/gene Delivery and Nanomedicine Applications
3.7 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
6 Liposomal Delivery System
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Liposomes on the Basis of Size and Chemical Composition
3 Application of Liposomes in Cancer Therapy
3.1 Ligand Targeted Liposomes
3.2 Stimuli-Sensitive Liposomes
3.3 Theranostic Liposomes
3.4 Immunoliposomes
4 Marketed Liposomal Products
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
7 Chitosan Based Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery Application
1 Introduction
2 CS-Based Nanocomposites as a DDSs with Different Types of NPs
2.1 Metal NPs
2.2 Metal Oxide NPs
2.3 Silica NPs
2.4 Hydroxyapatite
2.5 LDH NPs
2.6 GO and GQDs
2.7 CNT NPs
2.8 CS NPs
2.9 Hybrid NPs
3 Conclusion
References
8 Targeted Drug Delivery of Nanoparticles
1 Overview of Targetable Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems
1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
1.2 Liposomes
1.3 Polymeric Micelles
1.4 Dendrimers
1.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
1.6 Ceramic Nanoparticles
2 Targeting Strategies in Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems
2.1 Passive Targeting
2.2 Factors Affecting Passive Targeting
2.3 Limitations of Passive Targeting
2.4 Active Targeting
3 Conclusion
References
9 Biomedical Applications of Nano-Biosensor
1 Introduction
2 Components of Biosensor
3 Nano-Biosensor
3.1 Supermacy of Nano-Biosensor Over Conventional Biosensors
4 Biomedical Applications of Nano-Biosensors
4.1 Nano-Biosensors in the Exploration of Various Compounds in the Health Monitoring System
4.2 Nano-Biosensor’s Applications in Agriculture, Industry, Environment, Research and Development, Military, and Defense Systems
4.3 In the Exploration of Various Compounds
4.4 In Agriculture
4.5 In Environment Monitoring
5 Conclusion
References
10 Biodegradable Materials for Medicinal Applications
1 Introduction
2 Definition of Biomaterial
3 Properties of Biomaterials
4 Selection of Materials
5 Classification of Biodegradable Biomaterials
6 Natural Biopolymers
7 Synthetic Biopolymers
8 Important Characters of Biomaterials
9 Toxicology
10 Biocompatibility of Biomaterials
11 Functional Tissue Structure
12 Healing
13 Anatomical Sites of Implantation
14 Mechanical and Performance Requirements
15 Applications of Biodegradable Biomaterials in Medical Field
16 Orthopaedics
17 Cardiovascular Applications
18 Ophthalmic
19 Dental Applications
20 Wound Healing
21 Drug Delivery Systems
22 The Future Outlook for Biomedical Biomaterials
23 Conclusion
References
11 PLGA-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental Information About PLGA-Based Nanomedicines
2.1 PLGA Polymer and Nanomedicine Types Prepared with PLGA
2.2 PLGA-Based Nanosphere and Nanocapsule Preparation Methods
2.3 PLGA-Based Polymeric Micelles Preparation Methods
2.4 PLGA-Based Nanofiber Preparation Methods
3 PLGA-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy
3.1 Passive Targeted PLGA-Based Nanomedicines for Treatment of Cancer
3.2 Active Targeted with PLGA-Based Nanomedicines for Treatment of Cancer
4 Conclusion
References
12 Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Nanotubes in Biomedical Applications
2.1 Carbon Nanotubes in Diagnostic
2.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
2.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Delivery Systems
2.4 Carbon Nanotubes in Targeted Therapies
3 Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
13 “Biomedical Applications of Porphyrin Nanohybrids”
1 Introduction
2 Photophysics and Photochemistry of Porphyrins
3 Porphyrin-Based Nanomaterials
3.1 Classifications
3.2 Porphyrin-Based MOFs, COFs, APOPs, and HOFs
3.3 Miscellaneous Porphyrin-Based Nanomaterials
4 Porphyrin-Based Bioactive Nanomaterials
4.1 Nanotheranostics
4.2 Diagnostic Imaging
4.3 Photothermal Therapy (PTT)
5 Porphyrin-Based Nanohybrids
5.1 Design/Synthesis/Preparation/Self Assembly
5.2 Characterization of Nanohybrids
5.3 Importance of Porphyrin-Based Nanohybrids in Biomedical Applications
6 Applications Porphyrin-Based Nanohybrids
6.1 Bio- Imaging
7 Environmental Impact of Porphyrin-Based Nanohybrids
8 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
14 Revealing Glycobiology by Quantum Dots Conjugated to Lectins or “Borono-Lectins”
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals on Quantum Dots
3 Lectins
4 “Borono-Lectins”
5 Overview on Conjugation
6 Applications of QD-Lectin Conjugates
6.1 Pathogens
6.2 Mammalian Cells and Tissues
6.3 Biosensors
7 Applications of QD-“Borono-Lectin” Conjugates
7.1 Mammalian Cells and Tissues
7.2 Biosensors
8 Conclusions
References
15 Nanotechnology in Venom Research: Recent Trends and Its Application
1 Introduction
2 Nanomaterials
3 Venom Research
3.1 Nanomaterials Synthesized from Venom and Their Components in Drug Discovery
4 Anti-Arthritic
5 Anticancer
5.1 Anti-Snake Venom (Antidote) Made from Nanoparticles in Treat Snakebites
6 Conclusion
References
16 Ionogels for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Advances in Biomedical Applications by Ionogels
2.1 Preparation and Properties of Ionogels
2.2 Ionogels in Biomedical Applications
3 Critical Assessment of Ionogels Application in the Biomedical Field
4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
17 Composites in Hydrogel State with Nanostructured Components for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Composites in Hydrogel State
2.1 Classification of Composite Hydrogels
2.2 Physicochemical Interactions of Composites Hydrogels
2.3 Methods for Incorporation of Nanostructures in Composite Hydrogels
3 Composite Hydrogels Reinforced with Nanostructured Cellulose
4 Composite Hydrogel Reinforced with Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
5 Composite Hydrogels Including Metallic Nanoparticles
5.1 Gold Nanoparticles
5.2 Silver Nanoparticles
5.3 Iron and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
5.4 Silica and Silicate Nanoparticles
5.5 Other Types of Metal Nanoparticles
6 Composite Hydrogels Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
7 Composite Hydrogels Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
8 Composite Hydrogels Loaded with Proteins and Genes
9 Perspectives and Conclusion
References
18 Nanotechnology and Its Applications: Insight into Bacteriological Interactions and Bacterial Gene Transfer
1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
2 Organic Nanoparticles
3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
4 Composite-Based Nanoparticles
5 Origin-Based Classification of Nanoparticles
6 Natural
7 Synthetic Nanoparticles
8 Methods of Nanoparticles Preparation
9 Chemical Methods
9.1 Polyol Method
9.2 Thermal Decomposition
9.3 Electrochemical Synthesis
9.4 Microemulsions
10 Physical Methods
10.1 Plasma
10.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
10.3 Gamma Radiation
10.4 Pulsed Laser Method
10.5 Sonochemical Reduction
10.6 Microwave Irradiation
10.7 Biogenic Methods
10.8 Applications of Nanoparticles
11 Nanoparticle and Transformation in Bacteria
12 Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
13 Silver Nanoparticles
14 Conclusion
References