Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Applications

✍ Scribed by Subramanian Balakumar, Valérie Keller, M.V. Shankar

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 641
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses how nanostructured materials play a key role in helping address environmental challenges. Employing nanostructured materials in catalysis can increase the efficient decomposition of toxic pollutants in air, water, and soil. This multidisciplinary book discusses the most promising nanostructured materials made-up of metals, metal oxides, metal chalcogenides, multi-metal oxides, carbon nanostructures, and hybrid materials that can address environmental remediation. It provides a well-referenced introduction to newcomers from allied disciplines and will be valuable to researchers in academia, industry, and government working on solutions to environmental problems.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Nanostructures in Photocatalysis: Opportunities and Challenges for Environmental Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Mechanics of Photocatalysis in Nanostructures
1.3 Synthesis of Nanostructured Photocatalysts
1.3.1 Sol–Gel Synthesis
1.3.2 Hydro-/Solvo-thermal Synthesis
1.3.3 Precipitation Process
1.3.4 Anodization Process
1.3.5 Electrospinning
1.3.6 Pechini Method
1.3.7 Other Methods
1.4 Applications
1.4.1 Dye Degradation
1.4.2 Pharmaceutical Pollutant Degradation
1.4.3 Plastic Degradation
1.4.4 CO2 Reduction
1.4.5 N2 Fixation
1.4.6 Heavy Metal Reduction
1.4.7 Antimicrobial Applications
1.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 2: Nanostructured Heterojunction (1D-0D and 2D-0D) Photocatalysts for Environmental Remediation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Impact of Nanostructures on Material Properties
2.3 1D-0D Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
2.3.1 Metal Oxide-Metal Oxide (1D-0D) Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
TiO2-MnO2 Heterojunction
TiO2-CuO Heterojunction
TiO2–Ag2O Heterojunction
TiO2–ZnO Heterojunction
2.3.2 Metal Oxide-Metal (1D-0D) Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
TiO2–Ag Heterojunction
TiO2–Au Heterojunction
TiO2-Pt Heterojunction
TiO2–Cu Heterojunction
2.4 2D-0D Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
2.4.1 2D Nanosheet-Metal Oxide (2D-0D) Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
g-C3N4/MO Heterojunction
GO/MO Heterojunction
rGO/MO Heterojunction
2.4.2 2D Nanosheet-Metal (2D-0D) Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Pollutant Degradation
2.5 Summary and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3: Hierarchical Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Applications
3.1 Basic Concepts of Hierarchical Nanostructures in Photocatalytic Field
3.2 Preparation Strategies
3.2.1 Precipitation Method
3.2.2 Hydrothermal Method
3.2.3 Solvothermal Method
3.2.4 Microwave Treatment
3.2.5 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Directed Synthesis
3.3 Significant Applications of Hierarchical Photocatalysts
3.3.1 Photocatalytic Water Remediation
3.3.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
3.3.3 Photocatalytic H2 Production
3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Nanocomposite Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Contaminants of Emerging Concerns
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of Photocatalysis
4.3 Semiconductor Photocatalysts
4.4 Nanostructured Photocatalyst
4.5 Nanocomposite Photocatalyst
4.5.1 Semiconductor–Metal Composites
Schottky Barrier Composites
Plasmonic Composites
4.5.2 Semiconductor–Semiconductor Composites
p-n Heterojunction Composites
Z-Scheme Heterojunction Composites
All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Heterojunction Composites
Direct Z-Scheme Heterojunction Composites
Other Heterojunction Composites
4.5.3 Semiconductor–Carbon Composites
Semiconductor–Graphene Composites
Semiconductor-Carbon Quantum Dot Composites
Semiconductor–Carbon Sphere Composites
4.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 5: Sunlight-Mediated Plasmonic Photocatalysis: Mechanism and Material Prospects
5.1 Solar Spectrum and Photocatalysis
5.2 Concepts of Photocatalysis
5.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
5.4 Schottky Junction Barrier
5.5 Theoretical Insights into Band Structure Engineering in Semiconductors for Plasmonic Photocatalysts
5.6 Plasmonic Photocatalytic Materials
5.6.1 Ag–Metal Oxide
5.6.2 Au–Metal Oxide
5.6.3 Pt–Metal Oxide
5.6.4 Graphene and Noble Metals
5.6.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Plasmonic Photocatalysis
5.7 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 6: Photocatalytic Efficiency of Bi-Based Aurivillius Compounds: Critical Review and Discernment of the Factors Involved
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bi-Based Aurivillius Compounds
6.2.1 Bi2MO6 (M = Cr, Mo, W)
6.2.2 (BiO)2CO3
6.2.3 Bismuth Titanate (Bi4Ti3O12)
6.3 Mechanism of Bi-Based Materials in Photocatalysis
6.4 Synthesis of Photocatalysts
6.4.1 Hydrothermal Method/Solvothermal Method
6.4.2 Sol–Gel Synthesis
6.4.3 Chemical Precipitation
6.5 Morphology Control
6.6 Surface Modification
6.7 Applications of Bi-Based Aurivillius Compounds
6.7.1 Degradation of Dye
6.7.2 Degradation of Organic (Non-Dye-Based) Pollutants
6.7.3 Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants
6.7.4 Heavy Metal Reduction
6.7.5 Antibacterial Disinfection
6.8 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Intrinsically Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites in Shielding of Electromagnetic Pollution
7.1 General Introduction
7.2 Theoretical Aspect of EMI Shielding
7.3 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding of ICPs and ICP-Coated Fabrics
7.3.1 ICP-Coated Fabrics
PANI and PPY-Coated Fabrics
7.3.2 PPy and PPY-Coated Fabrics
7.4 Metal-Incorporated ICPs
7.4.1 Silver-Incorporated ICPs
7.4.2 Fe-, Co- and Cu-Incorporated ICPs
7.4.3 Alloys
7.5 Nanocarbon-Based ICP Nanocomposites
7.5.1 PANI/CNT Composites in EMI Shielding Applications
7.5.2 PANI/Graphene and PPy/Graphene Nanocomposites in EMI Shielding Applications
7.6 ICPs Nanocomposites Consisting Dielectric/Magnetic/Conducting Materials
7.7 Core@Shell Materials with Single and Dual Interface in EMI Shielding Applications
7.8 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Nanostructuring of Hybrid Materials Using Wrapping Approach to Enhance the Efficiency of Visible Light-Responsive Semiconductor Photocatalyst
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of Nanostructuring of Hybrid Materials Using Wrapping Approach
8.2.1 Preparation of Graphene Oxide Encapsulated TiO2 Core/Shell Microspheres
8.2.2 Synthesis of GP Strongly Wrapped TiO2 Photocatalyst
8.2.3 Fabrication of rGO-Wrapped TiO2 Nanofibers (TNFs)
8.2.4 Synthesis of GO/Bi2WO6 Composites
8.2.5 Synthesis of W2C@C/HTMs Heterojunction
8.2.6 Synthesis of Wrinkled Graphene-Wrapped TiO2 Nanotubes
8.3 Photocatalytic Application
8.3.1 Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants
8.3.2 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
8.4 Future Direction
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with Hierarchical Structures for Visible Light Photocatalysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Rational Fabrication of MOFs Photocatalyst
9.3 Various Methods for MOFs Synthesis
9.4 MOFs for Visible Light Photocatalysis
9.5 Visible Light Photocatalysis of MOF-Derived Hierarchical Structured Metal Oxides
9.6 Visible Light Photocatalysis of MOF-Derived Hierarchical Structured Metal Sulfides
9.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Soil Remediation by Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Organic Pollutant Elimination
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Iron Nanotechnology
10.2.1 Iron Nanoparticles Synthesis
10.2.2 Iron Nanoparticle’s Characteristics and Pollutant Removal Mechanism
10.3 Iron Nanoparticles Application for the Organic-Polluted Soil Remediation
10.3.1 Applications
10.3.2 Challenges Ahead
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Black TiO2: An Emerging Photocatalyst and Its Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Black TiO2 Preparation Methods
11.2.1 Thermal Treatment
High-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Treatment
Ambient or Low-Pressure Pure Hydrogen Treatment
Ambient Hydrogen–Argon Treatment
Ambient Hydrogen–Nitrogen Treatment
Ambient Argon Treatment
Argon–Nitrogen Treatment
11.2.2 Plasma Treatment
11.2.3 Chemical Reduction
Metal Reduction
Reduction by Hydride Slats
11.2.4 Electrochemical Synthesis
11.2.5 Pulsed Laser Ablation
11.2.6 Other Methods
Ionothermal Synthesis
Imidazole Reduction
Proton Implantation
Si Quantum Dot (QD)-Assisted Chemical Etching
11.3 Black TiO2 Properties
11.3.1 Existence of Surface Disorders
11.3.2 Existence of Ti3+ Centers and Oxygen Vacancies
11.3.3 Existence of Surface Functional Groups
11.3.4 Modifications in the Band Structure, Color, and Electron Trap Sites
11.4 Applications of Black Titania in Photocatalysis
11.4.1 Pollutant Removal
11.4.2 Hydrogen Production
11.4.3 Photo Reduction of CO2
11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 12: Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Endocrine Disruptors in Water
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Single Component or Unary Nanostructures
12.3 Two Component or Binary Nanostructures
12.4 Ternary and Multi-component Nanostructures
12.5 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 13: Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
13.2.1 Types of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
13.2.2 Properties
13.2.3 Synthesis
13.3 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Water Decontamination
13.3.1 Adsorption
Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Degradation of Antibiotics
Degradation of Pesticides
Degradation of Dyes
Degradation of Other Organic Pollutants
Removal of Inorganic Metal/Metalloid Cations
13.3.2 Photocatalysis
13.3.3 Membrane
13.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Removal of Gas Pollutants
13.5 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Soil Remediation
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Magnetically Recyclable Photocatalysts for Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environment
14.1 Photocatalysis
14.1.1 Generation of ROS
14.1.2 Challenges in Photocatalysis
14.2 Organic Pollutants in Aquatic Environment
14.3 Magnetically Recyclable Photocatalysts
14.3.1 Magnetic Material as Photocatalyst
14.3.2 Magnetic Material as Non-photocatalyst
14.4 Magnetic Recycling: Practical Challenges Ahead
14.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 15: Titanate Nanostructures as Potential Adsorbents for Defluoridation of Water
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterials as Potential Adsorbents
15.2.1 Titania-Based Nanostructures for Defluoridation
15.3 Fluoride Adsorption Studies
15.3.1 Effect of Various Parameters on Fluoride Removal Efficiency of Titanate Nanostructures
Surface Area
Dose of an Adsorbent Used
Contact Time
Isoelectric Point and pH of the Solution
Fluoride Adsorption Mechanism by One-Dimensional Titanate Nanostructures
15.4 Surface Functionalization
15.5 Conclusion and Scope for Future Research
References
Chapter 16: Photocatalytic Water Pollutant Treatment: Fundamental, Analysis and Benchmarking
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Theory
16.2.1 Fundamentals in Photocatalysis
16.3 Analysis of Photocatalytic Performance
16.3.1 Analysis of Pollutant Degradation and By-Product Formation
16.4 Pollutants
16.4.1 Organic Dye Pollutant
Advances in Photocatalytic Dye Degradation
16.4.2 Pesticides
16.4.3 Pharmaceutical Pollutants
16.4.4 Heavy Metal Pollution
16.5 Future Outlook
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Graphene-Based Photocatalytic Materials: An Overview
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synthesis Methods
17.2.1 Synthesis of Graphene
Exfoliation
Chemical Vapour Deposition
Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition
Chemical Methods
Thermal Decomposition of SiC
Unzipping CNTs and Other Methods
17.2.2 Properties of Graphene
17.2.3 Preparation of Graphene-Based Semiconductor Photocatalysts
17.3 Applications of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts
17.3.1 Photodegradation of Organic Compounds
17.3.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production
17.3.3 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2
17.3.4 Photocatalytic NOx Removal
17.3.5 Photocatalytic Disinfection
17.4 Other Applications
17.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
17.4.2 Nitrogen Fixation
17.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 18: Recent Advances in Nanostructured Materials for Detoxification of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) for Environmental Remediation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Semiconducting Photocatalysts
18.2.1 Non-metal Semiconductor-Red Phosphorous
18.2.2 Metal Sulphide Semiconductors
18.2.3 Metal Sulphide-Metal Sulphide Composite
18.2.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductors
18.2.5 Metal Oxide-Metal Oxides Composites
18.2.6 Metal Oxide-Graphene
18.2.7 Molecular Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
18.2.8 Cr(VI) Reduction by Bacterias
18.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Metal Nitrides and Graphitic Carbon Nitrides as Novel Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production and Environmental Remediation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Classification of Nitrides
19.2.1 Ionic Nitrides
19.2.2 Interstitial Nitrides
19.2.3 Covalent Nitrides
19.2.4 Boron Nitrides
19.2.5 Sulfur Nitrides
19.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
19.3.1 Fabrication of Bulk β-C3N4
19.3.2 Challenges in the Processing of β-C3N4
19.3.3 Applications of β-C3N4
19.3.4 Adsorption Kinetics of Nitrides
19.4 Visible Light Catalytic Reduction of Pb Ions with Nitride Catalysts
19.4.1 Formation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrid Photocatalysts
19.4.2 Synthesis Strategies of g-C3N4-Based Photocatalysts
19.4.3 Photocatalysis Based on Transition Metal Nitrides (TMNs)
19.5 Metal Nitride Fluorides
19.5.1 Single-Metal Nitride Fluoride
19.5.2 Characteristics of TMNs
19.5.3 Thermal Stability
19.6 Synthesis of Single-Metal Nitride Fluorides
19.6.1 Magnesium Nitride Fluoride System
19.6.2 Cobalt Nitride Fluoride System
19.7 Synthesis of Bimetallic Nitride Fluorides
19.7.1 Calcium Barium Nitride Fluoride
19.7.2 Calcium Magnesium Nitride Fluoride
19.8 Multifunctional Hybrid-Structured Metal Nitrides
19.8.1 Titanium Nitride-Vanadium Nitride (TiN-VN) Nanohybrids
19.8.2 Carbon Nitride/Ruthenium-Complex Hybrid Photocatalysts
19.9 Applications of Hybrid-Structured Metal Nitrides
19.9.1 Hydrogen Generation with High Efficiency
19.9.2 Photocatalytic Water Splitting
19.9.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Environmental Pollutants
19.10 Metal Nitride-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for H2 Generation
19.10.1 g-C3N4-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for H2 Generation
19.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Highly Functionalized Nanostructured Titanium Oxide-Based Photocatalysts for Direct Photocatalytic Decomposition of NOx/VOCs
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Sources of Air Pollutants and Its Impact
20.2 Photocatalytic Destruction of Air Pollutants by Using TiO2 Photocatalysts
20.3 Photocatalytic Destruction of Air Pollutants by TiO2 and TiO2-Supported Photocatalysts
20.3.1 TiO2 Semiconductor as Photocatalysts
20.3.2 Highly Dispersed Titanium Dioxides onto Various Supports
20.3.3 Microporous Zeolites as Supports for Photocatalytic Destruction
Structure and Composition of the Microporous Zeolites
Photocatalytic Decomposition of NOx Using Zeolite-Based Photocatalysts
Reaction Pathways for Photocatalytic Abatement of NOx
Photocatalytic Oxidation of VOCs Using Zeolite-Based Photocatalysts
20.3.4 Mesoporous Materials as Supports for Photocatalytic Destruction
Ti-Containing Mesoporous Materials for Photocatalytic Decomposition of NOx
Photocatalytic Oxidation of VOCs over Ti-Containing Mesoporous-Based Photocatalysts
20.4 Mechanism and Activity of Titanium-Based Photocatalysts for Photocatalytic Destruction of NOx and VOCs
20.5 Summary and Prospective
References
Chapter 21: Bandgap Engineering as a Potential Tool for Quantum Efficiency Enhancement
21.1 Introduction
21.2 How Does Photocatalysis Work?
21.3 Visible Light-Driven Photocatalysts
21.3.1 Novel Strategy: Bandgap Engineering
21.3.2 Surface Grafting of Doped Semiconductors
21.3.3 Energy-Level Matching as a Possible Alternative
21.4 Conclusion and Future Works
References
Chapter 22: Nanostructure Material-Based Sensors for Environmental Applications
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Nanostructured Materials
22.2.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
22.2.2 Metal and Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
22.2.3 Silicon-Based Nanomaterials
22.2.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
22.3 Sensing Mechanism
22.4 Synthesis of Nanostructures for Sensor Materials
22.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanostructures
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Laser Ablation
Arc Discharge
22.4.2 Metal-Based Nanoparticles
22.4.3 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
22.5 Applications
22.5.1 Toxic Gas Sensor
22.5.2 Humidity Sensor
22.5.3 Biosensors
22.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 23: Nanostructured MoS2 as Non-noble Metal-Based Cocatalyst for Photocatalytic Applications
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Crystal Structure and Basic Properties of MoS2
23.3 Synthesis of Noble Metal-Free MoS2-Based Nanocomposites
23.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
23.3.2 Chemical Exfoliation
23.3.3 Ball Milling
23.4 Applications of Nanostructured MoS2
23.4.1 MoS2 as Non-noble Metal-Based Cocatalyst for Hydrogen Generation
Strategies to Improve Hydrogen Generation
Synthesizing Heterojunction Nanocomposites
Phase Engineering in MoS2
Z-Scheme-Based MoS2 Nanocomposites
Morphology Control
23.4.2 MoS2 as Non-noble Metal-Based Cocatalyst for Dye Degradation
23.4.3 MoS2 as Non-noble Metal-Based Cocatalyst for Reduction of Toxic Metals
23.4.4 MoS2 as Non-noble Metal-Based Cocatalyst for Antibacterial Disinfection
23.5 Summary
References
Index