Nanocosmetics (Emerging Materials and Technologies)

✍ Scribed by Prashant Kesharwani (editor), Sunil Kumar Dubey (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 423
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book offers an overview of the science of cosmetics and the formulation of nanosized cosmetic products including fabrication, characterization of nanocosmetics, major challenges in the safe applications, regulatory aspects, and commercialization on a large scale. The chapters provide understanding of the interaction of nanocarriers with skin and hair, different nanocosmetic products in the present situation, applications as well as disadvantageous toxicity associated with nanocosmetics, regulatory prospects, and future perspectives.

Features:

• Provide an explicit account on vital aspects of various nanocosmetics drug delivery approaches, thereby providing a next-generation cosmetic product
• Bring together the novel applications of nanocosmetics approaches in the biological milieu
• Explores preparation, applications, toxicity, and regulatory prospects
• Includes a dedicated chapter on Niosomal drug-delivery systems in cosmetics
• Discusses the perspectives of the technologies explored so far based upon the findings outlined in highly organized tables, illustrative figures, and flow charts

This book is aimed at researchers and professionals in nanomedicine, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and the health sector.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Cosmetics Science and Skin Care: History and Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Tracing Cosmetics Through the Lens of History
1.2.1 Cosmetics in the Pre-Historic Era up to the Middle Ages
1.2.2 Cosmetics in the Modern age and the Present Times
1.3 Key Areas of Cosmetic Care
1.3.1 Cleansers and Moisturizers
1.3.2 Facial Cosmetics
1.3.3 Skin Lightening Agents
1.3.4 Improving Skin Texture
1.3.5 Skin Moisturization
1.3.6 Enhancing Anti-aging Action
1.3.7 Eye-Based Cosmetics
1.3.8 Lip-Based Cosmetics
1.3.9 Nail-Based Cosmetics
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Transdermal Drug Absorption: Mathematical Modelling
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery (TDD): Overview
2.3 Summary of Skin Structure
2.3.1 The Epidermis
2.3.2 The Dermis
2.3.3 The Hypodermis
2.3.4 Routes of Drug Penetration Across Skin
2.4 Kinetics of Transdermal Absorption
2.5 Mathematical Modelling
2.5.1 Models before 1990s
2.5.2 Initial Quantitative Models
2.5.3 Fickian Models
2.5.4 Non-Fickian Models
2.5.5 Other Models
2.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 3 Nanocosmetics-Principle and Classification
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Why Nanotechnology in Cosmetics?
3.3 Classification of Nanocosmetics
3.3.1 Nano-Emulsion Systems
3.3.2 Nanosomal Systems
3.3.2.1 Liposomes
3.3.2.2 Elastic Liposomes
3.3.2.3 Ethosomes
3.3.2.4 Cubosomes
3.3.2.5 Niosomes and Novasomes
3.3.2.6 Polymersomes, Ultrasomes, and Photosomes
3.3.2.7 Other Nanosomal Systems
3.3.3 Nanopigments
3.3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
3.3.5 Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Cosmetics
3.3.6 Nanofibres and Nanohydrogels
3.3.7 Cosmetics Containing Nanogold and Nanosilver
3.3.8 Cosmetics Containing Metal Oxides
3.3.9 Dendrimers and Nanocrystals
3.3.10 Carbon based Nanoparticles
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Approaches for Administration of Nanocosmetics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Topical Delivery System of Nanocosmetics
4.2.1 Skin Care
4.2.1.1 Sunscreens
4.2.1.2 Antiaging Creams
4.2.1.3 Moisturizers
4.2.1.4 Skin Cleanser
4.2.2 Lip Care
4.2.3 Hair Care
4.2.4. Nail Care
4.2.5 Oral Care
4.2.5.1 Mouthwash
4.2.5.2 Toothpaste
4.3 Transdermal Delivery Systems for Nanocosmetics
4.4 Novel Technologies for the Development of Transdermal Systems
4.4.1 Iontophoresis
4.4.2 Electroporation
4.4.3 Microneedles
4.4.4 Microdermabrasion
4.4.5 Bioactive Nanocarriers
4.4.5.1 Liposomes
4.4.5.2 Nanoemulsions
4.4.5.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
4.4.5.4 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Fabrication of Nanocosmetics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
5.3 Fabrication Methods of Organic Nanoparticles
5.3.1 Lipid and Surfactant-Derived Nanoparticles
5.3.1.1 Vesicular Nanoparticles
5.3.1.2 Non-Vesicular Nanoparticles
5.3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticle
5.3.2.1 Solvent Evaporation Method
5.3.2.2 Nanoprecipitation
5.3.2.3 Emulsification-solvent Diffusion Method
5.3.2.4 Emulsification Reverse-Salting-Out
5.3.3 Nanocrystals
5.3.3.1 Top-down Approach: Milling and High-pressure Homogenization
5.3.3.2 Bottom-up Techniques: Emulsion Method and Spray Drying
5.4 A Fabrication Method of Inorganic Nanoparticles
5.4.1 Carbon-based Nanoparticles
5.4.1.1 Top-down Methods
5.4.1.2 Bottom-up Methods
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Nano-Cosmetics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microscopic Techniques
6.3 In Vitro Tests
6.3.1 Validated in Vitro Tests
6.3.1.1 Challenges of Skin Irritation Test
6.3.1.2 Skin Corrosion Testing via TER (Transcutaneous Electrical Resistance)
6.3.1.3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (NRPT)
6.3.1.4 Implementation of Franz cell for Dermal Absorption Measurements
6.3.2 Non-validated in Vitro Approaches
6.3.2.1 Screening of Eye Corrosives and Severe Irritants By
6.3.2.2 Tests for Sensitivity Screening via a Reduced LLNA (Local Lymph node Assay)
6.3.3 Infiltration
6.4 Accumulation and Transposition
6.5 Cytocompatibility
6.6 In vitro Study on Cellular Stress
6.6.1 Oxidative Stress
6.6.2 Inaflmmation
6.6.3 Mutagenicity/Genotoxicity
6.7 In vivo Methods
6.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Liposomal Drug-delivery System in Cosmetics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Liposomes as Delivery Systems of Cosmetic Active Molecules
7.3 Lipid-based Delivery Systems for Cosmeceuticals
7.4 Liposomal Delivery Systems in Cosmetic: Advantages and Disadvantages
7.5 Lipid-Based Delivery Systems for Cosmetic Applications and other Skin Alterations
7.5.1 Anti-Aging
7.5.2 Hair Loss/Androgenic Alopecia
7.5.3 Antiacne
7.5.4 Atopic Dermatitis, Psoriasis, and Skin Inflammation
7.5.5 Vitiligo
7.6 Green Cosmetics: The Tendency in Cosmetic Formulations
7.7 Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Liposomes in Cosmetic Products
7.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Niosomes as Nanocarrier Systems in Cosmetics
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Niosomes
8.2.1 Proniosomes
8.2.2 Deformable/Elastic Niosomes
8.2.3 Discosomes
8.2.4 Transfersomes
8.2.5 Aspasomes
8.3 Formulation of Niosomes
8.3.1 Composition of Niosomes
8.3.1.1 Non-ionic Surfactants
8.3.1.2 Cholesterol
8.3.1.3 Charge Inducers
8.3.2 Factors Influencing Niosome Formation
8.3.2.1 Gel-Liquid Transition Temperature (Tc) of the Surfactant
8.3.2.2 Hydration Temperature
8.3.2.3 Nature of the Encapsulated Agent
8.3.3 Methods for Manufacturing Niosomes
8.3.3.1 Thin film Hydration (TFH) or Hand Shaking Method
8.3.3.2 Ether Injection Method
8.3.3.3 Reverse Phase Evaporation Method
8.3.3.4 Trans-Membrane pH Gradient Drug Uptake Process
8.3.3.5 Emulsion Method
8.3.3.6 Bubble Method
8.3.3.7 Heating Method
8.3.3.8 Microfluidisation Method
8.3.3.9 Supercritical Reverse phase Evaporation Method
8.3.4 Characterisation of Niosomes
8.4 Application of Niosomes in Cosmetics
8.4.1 Possible Mechanisms for Niosomal Dermal/Transdermal Delivery
8.4.2 Niosomal Drug Delivery for Treatment of Common Hair/Skin Conditions
8.4.2.1 Acne
8.4.2.2 Psoriasis
8.4.2.3 Seborrheic Dermatitis and Dandruff
8.4.3 Commercial and Patented Cosmetic Products Containing Niosomes
8.4.4 Recent Advances in the Application of Niosomes in Cosmetics
8.4.4.1 Niosomal Cosmeceuticals Containing Natural Compounds
8.4.4.2 Formulation of Specialised Niosomes for Cosmetics
8.4.4.3 Formulation Strategies for Sustained Release
8.4.5 Safety Considerations and Regulatory Requirements for Niosome Containing Cosmetic Products
8.5 Conclusion
Chapter 9 Nanoemulsions as Drug Delivery System in Cosmetology: A Recent Update
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods of Preparation for Nanoemulsions
9.2.1 High-Energy Emulsification Methods
9.2.1.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
9.2.1.2 Ultrasonication
9.2.1.3 Microfluidization
9.2.2 Low-energy Emulsification Methods
9.2.2.1 Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Method
9.2.2.2 Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) Method
9.2.2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification
9.3 How Nanoemulsions are Different from Emulsions?
9.4 Nanoemulsion-Based Cosmetics
9.4.1 Naturally Derived Nanoemulsion-based Cosmetics
9.4.2 Synthetically Derived Nanoemulsion-based Cosmetics
9.4.3 Applications of Nanoemulsions in Cosmeceuticals
9.4.4 Moisturizers
9.4.5 Sunscreens
9.4.6 Antiaging Creams
9.4.7 Face Cleanser
9.4.8 Hair Products
9.4.9 Nanoemulsion-Based wet Wipes
9.4.10 Lip Care
9.5 Patented Nanoemulsion Formulations in Cosmetics
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Polymeric Micelles and Dendrimer drug Delivery Systems in Cosmetics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of Polymeric Micelles and Dendrimers
10.2.1 Polymeric Micelles
10.2.2 Dendrimers
10.3 Applications of Polymeric Micelles (PMs) and Dendrimers in Cosmetics
10.4 Nanotoxicity
10.5 Regulatory Aspects
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Nanoparticles Mediated Drug-Delivery System in Cosmetics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Topical Administration through the Skin
11.3 Nanomaterials used in the Cosmetics Domain
11.3.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles
11.3.2 Titanium Oxide and Zinc Oxide based Nanoparticles
11.3.3 Silver-Based Nanoparticles
11.3.4 Gold-Based Nanoparticles
11.4 Polymeric Nanoparticles
11.4.1 Chitosan-based Nanoparticles
11.4.2 Starch-based Nanoparticles
11.4.3 Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA)-Based Nanoparticles
11.4.4 Polyglycolic Acid (PGA)-Based Nanoparticles
11.4.5 Cellulose-Based Nanoparticles
11.4.6 Nanocapsules
11.4.7 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
11.5 Side Effects
11.6 Future Possibilities for Nano-Cosmeceutical
References
Chapter 12 Nanosilver and Nanogold Delivery System in Nanocosmetics: A Recent Update
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metal-based Nanocosmetics: Nanogold (AuNPs) and Nanosilver (AgNPs) Nanoparticles as Cosmeceuticals
12.2.1 Nanogold (AuNPs) Derived Cosmetic Products
12.2.2 Nanosilver (AgNPs) Derived Cosmetic Products
12.3 Characterization of gold and Silver Nanoparticles
12.3.1 Elemental Analysis
12.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
12.3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
12.3.4 Mass Spectra
12.3.5 NMR Spectra (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
12.3.6 Microscopic Techniques
12.3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
12.3.8 Transmission Microscopy (TEM)
12.4 Various Methods to Synthesize gold and Silver Nanoparticles
12.5 Penetration and Absorption of gold and Silver Nanoparticles
12.5.1 Penetration/Absorption of gold Nanoparticles
12.5.2 Penetration/Absorption of Silver Nanoparticles
12.6 Types of Commercially Available Cosmetic Products Containing gold and Silver Nanoparticles
12.6.1 Skincare Products
12.6.2 Sunscreens
12.6.3 Moisturizers
12.6.4 Skin Cleansers
12.6.5 Anti-Aging Products
12.6.6 Gold-Loaded Facial Masks
12.6.7 Haircare Products
12.6.8 Eyecare Products
12.6.9 Lipcare Products
12.6.10 Breast Care Cream
12.6.11 Fragrance Related Products
12.6.12 Nailcare Products
12.7 Nanotoxicity of Nanocosmeceuticals: An Emerging Problem
12.7.1 Safety of Nanocosmeceuticals
12.7.2 Major Considerations to Assess the Safety of Nanomaterials
12.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 13 Using Nanostructured Materials to Increase Safety and Efficacy of Organic UV Filters
13.1 Introduction
13.2 UV Radiation and Deleterious Effects
13.3 Sunscreen Formulations
13.4 Inorganic UV Filters
13.5 Organic UV Filters
13.6 Natural Bioactive Compounds
13.7 Nanostructure and Nanoparticles Applied in Sunscreen Formulations
13.8 Encapsulation and Incorporation of Organic UV Filters into Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles
13.8.1 Liposomes
13.8.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured lipid Carriers
13.8.3 Polymeric Nanoencapsulation
13.8.4 Cyclodextrin Complexation
13.8.5 Mesoporous Materials
13.9 Regulatory Aspects of Sunscreen Products and Nanostructured Materials: Efficacy
13.9.1 Efficacy of Sunscreen Formulations
13.9.2 Labelling of Sunscreen Products and Nanostructured Materials
13.10 Safety
13.10.1 Safety of Sunscreen Products
13.10.2 Safety Concerns of Nanostructured Materials
References
Chapter 14 Nanoperfumes as a Fragrance Product
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanoperfumes
14.3 Types of Nanoperfumes
14.3.1 Nanoemulsion-Based Nanoperfumes
14.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Nanoperfumes
14.3.3 Non-Structured Lipid Carriers-based Nanoperfumes
14.3.4 Polymeric-based Nanoperfumes
14.4 Excipients used for Nanoformulation
14.5 Preparation Method of Nanoperfumes
14.5.1 Phase Inversion Composition Method (PIC)
14.5.2 Ultrasonic Homogenization Method
14.5.3 Encapsulation
14.5.4 NLC and SLNs Based Nanoperfumes Preparation
14.6 Characterization of Nanoperfumes
14.6.1 Particle Size and Polydispersity index Analysis
14.6.2 Zeta Potential
14.6.3 Determination of Loading efficiency
14.6.4 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis
14.6.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
14.6.6 Oxidative Stress Test
14.7 Applications
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Lipid Nanoparticles as a Cosmetic Delivery System
15.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology
15.2 Novel Nanocarrier Systems for Cosmeceuticals
15.2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
15.2.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
15.2.3 Semi-Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Dispersion Systems
15.3 Ingredients of Lipid Nanoparticles
15.3.1 Lipids
15.3.2 Surfactants
15.3.3 Other Ingredients
15.4 Preparation Methods for Lipid Nanoparticles
15.4.1 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH) Method
15.4.1.1 Hot Homogenization Method
15.4.1.2 Cold Homogenization Method
15.4.2 High Shear Homogenization (and/or Ultrasonication) Method
15.4.3 Microemulsion Method
15.4.4 Double Emulsion (W/O/W) Method
15.4.5 Solvent Emulsification-Evaporation (Solvent Evaporation)
15.4.6 Solvent Emulsification-Diffusion Method
15.4.7 Solvent Injection Method
15.4.8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCF) Method
15.4.9 Membrane Contractor Method
15.4.10 Electrospraying Method
15.5 Characterization of Lipid Nanoparticles
15.6 SLNs, NLCs, and Semi-solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Cosmetic Nanocarriers
15.7 Cosmetic Applications of Lipid Nanoparticles
15.7.1 Anticellulite
15.7.2 Depigmentation Agents
15.7.3 Antioxidants
15.7.4 Sun Filters
15.7.5 Hair Care
15.8 Commercial Products of Lipid Nanoparticles in the Cosmetics Market
15.9 Toxicity of Lipid Nanoparticles
15.10 Regulatory Issues Related to lipid Nanoparticles in terms of Consumer Safety
15.11 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 16 Regulatory Aspects, Recent Legal Contexts, Consumer Protection and Future Perspectives of Nanocosmetics
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Regulatory Scenario and Associated Legal Contexts of Nanocosmetics in Leading Economies
16.2.1 Nanocometics in the United States Market
16.2.2 Nanocosmetics in the European Market
16.3 Consumer Protection, Associated Health Risks, and Environmental Concerns in Relation to Nanocosmetics
16.4 Future Perspectives
16.4.1 Exploring Nanocosmetics Using block Copolymers
16.4.2 Exploring Photonic Nano-chitin or Nano-lignin-based Natural Colors
16.4.3 Sustainable waste Management as the Source of Nanocosmetic Material
16.4.4 Upcoming Generation of Smart Carriers, Bio-fibers, and Bio-skin
16.4.5 Emerging cold Plasma Therapy as a Platform for Cosmetic Therapy
16.4.6 Marine Nanocosmetics
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Safety Assessment of Nanocosmetics
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Toxicity Concerns
17.3 Nanocosmetic Risk
17.4 Safety Regulations for Nanocosmetics
17.5 Guidance to Study the Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
17.6 Nanomaterials Evaluated by the SCCS
17.7 In Vitro Methods to Study Nanomaterial Toxicity
17.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Current Trends and Marketed Products in Nanocosmetics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Current Trends in Nanocosmetics
18.2.1 Popularity of Claim-specific Products with Scientific Backing and Encouragement of Critical Feedback
18.2.2 Marching Forward with SmartLipids: Third Generation of Lipid Carriers
18.2.3 A Shift from Anti-aging to Anti-pollu-aging Cosmetics
18.2.4 Strengthened Marketing Strategy
18.2.5 Expanding Horizons: Cosmotherapy and Cosmeceuticals
18.3 Marketed Nanocosmetic Products
18.3.1 Liposomes
18.3.2 Lipid Nanoparticles
18.3.3 Niosome
18.3.4 Inorganic Nanoparticle-based Cosmetics
18.3.5 Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
18.3.6 Nanoemulsions
18.3.7 Other Marketed Nanocosmetics
18.4 Conclusion
References
Index