Nanochemistry: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

✍ Scribed by Sharma A., Oza G. (ed.)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 433
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book encompasses the fundamental concepts of Nanochemistry that involve the self-assemblage of nanostructures, surface stabilization, and functionalization of nanoparticles. It's a review of the work of world-renowned scientists and is the first of its kind that gives a detailed fundamental understanding of physical, chemical, and biological methods of nanoparticle synthesis. There is a comprehension of different characterization techniques of nanoparticles. This book, for the first time, explains applications of such nanochemicals in nanomedicine, nanoimmunomedicine, lab-on-a-chip, organ-on-a-chip, bioimplants, cyborgs, hydrogen storage, electrochemical splitting of water, and construction industries.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Nanochemistry: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications
Copyright
Preface
Contents
1. Self-Assembled Nanostructures
1. Introduction
2. Organic self-assembly
2.1 Polymeric self-assembly
2.1.1 Diagnostics and bioimaging
2.1.2 Delivery system
2.2 Lipid-based self-assembly
3. Inorganic/hybrid self-assemblies
4. Soft nanohybrids
4.1 DNA nanocages
4.2 Self-assembled peptides
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2. Surface Stabilization and Functionalities of Nanostructures
1. Introduction
1.1 Nanomaterials
1.2 Metal oxide semiconductors
2. Metal oxide semiconductor thin films
2.1 Chemical vapor deposition
2.2 Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
2.3 Stabilization
2.4 Functionalization
3. Applications
3.1 Gas sensor
3.2 Optoelectronic devices
3.3 Photocatalysis
4. Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
3. Inorganic Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Properties
2.1 Physical (Structural) properties (dimensions and shapes)
2.2 Mechanical properties
2.3 Thermal properties
2.4 Chemical properties (catalytic)
2.4.1 Noble metal catalysts
2.4.2 Catalytic properties of transition metal oxides
2.5 Optical properties
2.5.1 Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs)
2.5.2 Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)
2.5.3 Applications of surface plasmon polaritons
2.5.3.1 Plasmonic waveguides
2.5.3.2 Near-field optics
2.5.3.3 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
2.5.3.4 Data Storage
2.5.3.5 Solar cells
2.5.3.5.1 Top surface plasmonic structures
2.5.3.5.2 Embedded plasmonic structures
2.5.3.5.3 Back surface plasmonic structures
2.5.3.6 Chemical sensors and biosensors
2.6 Dielectric properties
2.6.1 Dielectric insulators
2.7 Magnetic properties
2.7.1 Physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles
2.7.2 Industrial applications
2.7.2.1 Biomedical applications
2.7.2.2 In vivo applications
2.7.2.2.1 Drug delivery systems
2.7.2.2.2 MRI diagnosis
2.7.2.3 In vitro applications
2.7.2.3.1 Bio-separation
2.7.2.3.2 Sensors in detection of bacteria, viruses and proteins
3. A special discussion on metal sulfides
3.1 MoS
3.2 MoS2
4. A special discussion on Perovskite oxides
4.1 Inorganic perovskites
4.2 Hybrid perovskites
4.3 Tolerance factor of perovskite structure
4.4 Tunable light emitting perovskites
4.5 Bandgap tuning by anion and cation exchange
4.5.1 Influence of A-site (cation) modification
4.5.2 Influence of B site (cation) modification
4.5.3 Influence of X site (anion)-modification
4.6 Tunable band-gap by nanocrystal shape and size
4.7 Applications of halide perovskite-based composites
4.7.1 LEDs
4.7.2 Photocatalyst and photovoltaic
Acknowledgements
References
4. Physical Methods for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Ball Milling
3. Electric arc deposition
4. Laser ablation
5. Laser pyrolysis
6. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
7. Sputtering
8. Ion beam techniques or ion implantation
Reference
5. Chemical Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials
1. Introduction
(i) Co-precipitation method
(ii) Solvothermal/Hydrothermal method
(iii) Sol-gel method
(iv) Template method
(v) Electrodeposition method
(vi) Micro-emulsion method
(vii) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
(viii) Polyol method
(ix) Sonochemical method
2. Conclusion
References
6. Bionanofabrication: A Green Approach towards Nanoparticle: Synthesis using Plants and Microbes
1. Introduction
2. Metal Nanoparticles’ Synthesis by Microorganisms
2.1 Bacteria
2.2 Algae
3. Plants
4. General method of biosynthesis of nanoparticles
4.1 Using plants
4.2 Using bacterial cells
5. Processes of MtNP synthesis by microorganisms
5.1 Extracellular enzymes
5.2 Intracellular enzymes
6. Biomolecules involved in nanoparticles synthesis
7. Role of Excreted electron shuttlers in metal ion reduction
8. Conclusion
References
7. Electron Microscopy Characterization of Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Transmission electron microscope
3. TEM and HRTEM
4. STEM
5. HAADF
6. EDXS and EELS
7. TEM characterization of nanoparticles
8. Conclusions
References
8. Magnetic Characterization of Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. (ZFC-FC) zero field cooling-field cooling measurements
2.1 Non interacting, monodisperse magnetic particles
2.2 Non interacting, polydisperse magnetic particles
2.3 Interacting magnetic particles
2.3.1 Dipolar interactions
2.3.2 Surface effect interactions
3. (M Vs H) magnetization Vs applied magnetic field measurements
3.1 Langevin function
3.1.1 Non interacting, monodisperse magnetic particles
3.1.2 Non interacting, polydisperse magnetic particles
3.1.3 Interacting magnetic particles
3.2 Coercive field non interacting magnetic particles
3.2.1 Non interacting, monodisperse magnetic particles
3.2.2 Non interacting, polydisperse magnetic particles
3.2.3 Interacting magnetic nanoparticles
4. Dynamic properties, AC measurements
4.1 Relaxation time
4.2 Neél-Arrhenius law
4.2.1 Neél-Arrhenius modified law-dipolar interactions
4.3 Vogel-Fulcher law
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
9. Nanostructures in Diagnostics Bio-sensing and Lab-on-a-chip Systems
1. Introduction
1.1 Dimensionality of nanostructures
1.2 Biosensors
1.2.1 Optical transduction
1.2.2 Electrochemical and electrical transduction
1.3 Lab-on-a-chip
2. 0D Materials
2.1 Metal nanoparticles
2.2 Semiconductor nanoparticles
2.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
3. 1D Materials
3.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
3.2 Nanowires
4. 2D Materials
4.1 Graphene-based materials
5. 3D Materials
6. Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
10. Drug-delivery using Inorganic and Organic Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Drug and nanoparticle protection
3. Passive and active targeting
4. Barriers to the uptake of nanoparticles
5. Endogenous and exogenous stimuli
6. Endogenous stimuli
6.1 pH-responsive NPs
6.2 Redox-responsive based drug delivery
6.3 Enzyme-responsive NPs
6.4 Temperature-responsive NPs
6.5 Ionic microenvironment-responsive NPs
7. Exogenous stimuli
7.1 Temperature-responsive DDS
7.2 Light-responsive NPs
7.3 Ultrasound-responsive NPs
7.4 Magnetic-responsive NPs
7.5 Electrical-responsive NPs
8. Organic and inorganic nanoparticles
8.1 Organic nanoparticles
8.1.1 Lipid-based systems
8.1.2 Nanogels
8.1.3 Dendrimers (den)
8.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
8.2.1 Metallic nanoparticles
8.2.2 Magnetic nanoparticles
8.2.3 Silica-based
8.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
8.2.5 Quantum dots
9. Therapeutic applications of nanoparticles
9.1 Autoimmune diseases
9.2 Cancer
9.3 Neurodegenerative diseases
9.4 Cardiovascular diseases
9.5 Infectious diseases
9.6 Ocular diseases
9.7 Pulmonary diseases
9.8 Regenerative therapy
10. Limitations
11. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
11. Engineering Immunity to Disease Using Nanotechnology
1. Introduction
2. Foundational concepts in immunotherapy
2.1 Innate immunity
2.2 Adaptive immunity
2.3 The influence of non-immune components on immune responses
3. Designing nanomaterials for immunotherapy
3.1 Physiochemical properties
3.1.1 Material type and particle structure
3.1.2 Size
3.1.3 Shape
3.1.4 Elasticity
3.2 Surface chemistry and surface modifications
3.3 Stimuli-responsive delivery and controlled release
3.4 Delivery context
3.5 Summary
4. Leveraging nanomaterial properties for enhanced immunotherapy
4.1 Direct immunomodulation through novel material design
4.2 Targeting tissues that modify immunity
4.3 Improved immune signaling and immune interactions using multivalency
4.4 Enabling novel vaccination strategies
5. Nanomaterial-cell immunotherapies
5.1 Altering immune cell trafficking and disease microenvironment infiltration
5.2 Cell-nanomaterial hybrids for improved immunotherapy
5.3 Enabling biomimetic strategies through cell-based delivery
5.4 Nanomaterial backpacks for enhanced cellular immunotherapy
5.5 Engineering immune cells with enhanced functions in vivo
6. Outlook and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12. Basics of Organ-On-A-Chip Technology
1. Introduction to tissue engineering and organs-on-a-chip
2. Overview of organ-on-a-chip technology
3. Applications for organs-on-a-chip
4. Biological and physical features of an organ-on-a-chip device
5. Biological features
6. Physical features
7. Materials in tissue engineering and organ-on-a-chip
Materials for cellular arrangement and scaffolding
8. Materials for chip design
9. Sensor selection
Electrochemical sensors
Optical sensors
10. Fabrication methods for tissue engineering and organs-on-a-chip
Lithographic methods
Laser-based methods
Electrospinning
3D Bioprinting methods
11. Bioengineered systems for organs-on-a-chip technology
Cardiac
Hepatic
Renal
Neural
12. Challenges and forecast of organs-on-a-chip
Adoption
Customization
Democratization
13. Conclusions
References
13. Overview of Nanostructured Carbon-based Catalysts: Recent Advances and Perspectives
1. Introduction
2. Nanocarbon materials: Structures and modifications
2.1 Nano and nanostructured carbon
2.1.1 Graphene and related materials
2.1.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.1.3 Other carbonaceous materials
2.2 Tailored nanocarbon properties: Functionalization and decoration
2.2.1 Organic surface functionalization
2.2.2 Inorganic surface tailoring
3. Nanostructured and nanosized carbon materials: Catalytic applications
3.1 Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds
3.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
3.3 Hydrodesulfurization
3.4 Hydroformylation
3.5 Cross coupling reactions
3.5.1 Suzuki-miyaura reactions
3.5.2 Heck reactions
3.5.3 Sonogashira reactions
3.6 Immobilized enzyme on to nanostructured carbon supports
3.7 Nanocarbon supported catalysts for electrochemical oxidation
3.7.1 Electrochemical oxidation: Environmental remediation through organic pollutants degradation
3.7.2 Electrochemical oxidation: Energy storage
4. Conclusions and future perspectives
References
14. Synthesis of Graphene onto Semi-insulating Substrates: Epitaxial Graphene on SiC and CVD Graphene on Sapphire
1. Introduction
2. Graphene growth
3. Graphene characterization
4. Epitaxial growth on Silicon Carbide (SiC)
5. Hydrogen etching
6. Graphene obtained via thermal decomposition of SiC
7. Wafer-scale synthesis of graphene on sapphire
References
15. Nanostructures for Hydrogen Storage
1. Introduction
2. Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen gas as a future fuel
3. Various methods of hydrogen storage
3.1 Gaseous hydrogen
3.1.1 Metal hydrides
3.2 Compressed hydrogen gas in high pressure tank
3.3 Glass micro-sphere
4. In chemicals
4.1 Metal organic framework (MOF)
5. In Carbon
6. Carbon nano materials
6.1 Graphitic nano-fibres
6.2 Single Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (SWCNTs)
6.3 Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (MWCNTs)
6.4 Metal Doped Carbon Nano Tubes
7. In pyrolyzed plant/animal materials
8. Theoretical models
8.1 Surface adsorption of hydrogen by CNT
8.2 Uptake of hydrogen in lumen or internal spaces
9. Hydrogen storage measurement
10. Summary
References
16. Electrochemical Water Splitting
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction to water splitting
1.2 Electrochemical fundamentals of water splitting
1.3 State-of the-art catalysts Pt (HER) and Ru, Ir (OER)
1.4 Applications of EWS
2. Electrochemical water splitting mechanism
2.1 HER mechanism
2.2 OER mechanism
3. Calculations and data interpretation
3.1 Onset potential
3.2 Tafel slope
3.3 Exchange current density
3.4 Stability of electrocatalysts
3.5 Turn over frequency (TOF)
3.6 Faradaic efficiency
3.7 Mass and specific activities
4. Electrochemical water splitting summary until 2020
4.1 Transition metals
4.2 Transition metal complexes/Alloys/Heteroatoms for Pt-free HER
4.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
References
17. Nanomaterials Applied in the Construction Industry
1. Introduction
2. Nanomaterials and applications in cementitious materials
3. Nanomaterials used as coatings
3.1 Electrodeposition
3.2 Organic Polymeric Coatings
4. Nanomaterials characterization
4.1 SEM-EDS
4.2 TEM
4.3 AFM
4.4 UV-Visible and microindentation
4.5 XRD
4.6 TGA-DSC
5. Electrochemical techniques as a tool for materials characterization in the construction industry
6. Conclusions
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgments
References
18. The Era of Human-Machine Hybrid: Medical Advances in Biomimetic Devices
1. Introduction: Life is Tissue
2. Nano-bionics and nano-cybernetics
3. Brain-computer interface (BCI) implants
4. Advanced smart prosthesis (ASP)
5. Organ-on-a-chip transplant
6. Transhumanism
7. Cyborgs among us
8. Artificial intelligence at the service of an emerging transhuman society
9. New technocracy paradigms: Risks and perspectives
References
Index