Front Cover......Page 1
Nanocarbon and its Composites: Preparation, Properties, and Applications......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 22
1.1. Introduction......Page 24
1.2.2. Graphene aerogels......Page 26
1.2.3. CNT and graphene aerogels composite......Page 27
1.3. Nanocarbon aerogels for energy storage applications......Page 30
1.4. Nanocarbon aerogel adsorbents for wastewater remediation......Page 34
1.5. Nanocarbon aerogel photocatalyst for wastewater remediation......Page 35
1.6. Nanocarbon aerogels as sensors......Page 39
1.7. Conclusion and future research......Page 42
References......Page 43
2.1. Introduction......Page 50
2.2.2. The synthesis of Pd-Ni nanomaterials decorated by AC......Page 51
2.3. Results and discussion......Page 52
2.4. Conclusions......Page 57
References......Page 58
3.1. Introduction......Page 66
3.2.1. Carbon foams from polymer precursors......Page 67
3.2.2.1. Carbon nanofiber-based carbon foam......Page 69
3.2.2.2. Carbon nanotube-based carbon foams......Page 70
3.2.2.3. Graphene-based carbon foam......Page 72
3.2.3. Doped and composite carbon foam structures......Page 74
3.2.3.1. Doped carbon foams......Page 75
3.2.3.2. Composite carbon-based foams......Page 77
3.3.1.1. Electrochemical energy storage......Page 82
3.3.1.2. Thermal energy storage......Page 87
3.3.2.1. Gas adsorbents......Page 89
3.3.2.2. Liquid adsorbents......Page 91
3.3.3.1. Acoustic insulation......Page 92
3.3.3.2. Thermal insulation......Page 94
3.3.4. Carbon foams for sensor applications......Page 96
Biosensor......Page 97
Gas sensor......Page 98
Pressure sensor......Page 99
Strain sensor......Page 101
3.4. Conclusion......Page 102
References......Page 104
Chapter 4: Electrospun polymeric nanocarbon nanomats for tissue engineering......Page 114
4.1. Introduction......Page 115
4.2. Electrospinning process......Page 116
4.3. Different types of nanocarbons used in tissue engineering......Page 117
4.3.1. Carbon nanotubes......Page 118
4.3.2. Graphene compounds......Page 120
4.3.3. Other nanocarbons......Page 121
4.4. Electrospun nanofiber materials for tissue engineering......Page 122
4.5.1.1. Electrospinning of carbon nanotubes with natural and synthetic polymers......Page 123
4.5.2. Electrospun nanomat containing graphene nanocarbons......Page 128
4.5.2.1. Electrospinning of graphene with natural and synthetic polymers......Page 129
Electrospun polymer/graphene scaffolds for drug delivery......Page 131
4.5.3. Electrospinning with other forms of nanocarbons......Page 132
4.5.4. Electrospinning of carbon nanofibers for biomedical applications......Page 133
4.6. Review of some related works......Page 134
References......Page 139
Further reading......Page 145
5.1. Introduction......Page 146
5.2.1.1. PVDF-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 147
5.2.1.2. PTFE-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 149
5.2.2. Conductive polymer-G nanocomposite supercapacitors......Page 152
5.2.2.1. Graphene and PPy nanocomposites......Page 153
5.2.2.2. Graphene and PANI nanocomposites......Page 155
5.2.2.3. Graphene and PEDOT nanocomposites......Page 157
5.3. Flexible supercapacitor electrodes......Page 159
5.5. Conclusion......Page 163
References......Page 164
Further reading......Page 174
6.1. Introduction......Page 176
6.2. Graphene......Page 177
6.3.1. Aluminium-graphene MMC......Page 179
6.3.2. Magnesium-graphene nanocomposites......Page 181
6.3.3. Copper- and nickel-based graphene nanocomposites......Page 185
6.4. Conclusions......Page 189
References......Page 190
Further reading......Page 192
Chapter 7: Nanocarbons: Preparation, assessments, and applications in structural engineering, spintronics, gas sensing, E .........Page 194
7.1. Background information: From carbon to nanocarbon......Page 195
7.2.1. Synthesis of GNCs......Page 196
7.2.2. Characterizations on GNCs......Page 197
7.2.2.1. Chemical analysis: Electron and infrared spectroscopy......Page 198
7.2.2.2. Analysis by Raman spectroscopy......Page 199
7.2.2.4. Scanning and tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy......Page 201
7.3. Nanocomposite approach for structural engineering......Page 205
7.3.2. Dispersibility investigations: Homogeneous distribution versus agglomeration and interfacial adhesion of GNCs......Page 206
7.3.2.1. Raman mapping of GNC nanocomposites......Page 207
7.3.2.2. Optical imaging......Page 208
Tensile properties......Page 209
Fracture toughness properties......Page 211
7.3.3. Fracture mechanisms using fractography......Page 213
7.3.4. Thermal and physical properties......Page 215
7.4.1. Spin transport and magnetic correlations in GNCs and nitro-GNCs: Graphene spintronics......Page 218
7.4.1.2. Comparison using FTIR: GNCs and N-GNCs......Page 219
7.4.1.3. Chemical analysis of nitrogen doping in GNCs by electron spectroscopy......Page 220
7.4.2. Radical spin correlations: Electron spin resonance measurements and analysis......Page 222
7.4.3. Magnetometric analysis by VSM......Page 225
7.4.3.1. Magnetization in graphene: Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interactions......Page 226
7.4.3.2. Current-voltage measurements: Transport characteristics......Page 228
7.4.3.3. Reduced exchange correlations: Role of nitrogen......Page 230
7.4.4. Spin-bath properties of GNCs......Page 232
7.4.4.1. Linewidth (DeltaHpp) analysis......Page 233
7.4.4.2. Anisotropy in g factor......Page 234
7.4.4.3. Spin transport parameters: Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation, spin-orbit coupling......Page 235
7.5.1. Shielding parameters of GNC/polyurethane nanocomposites......Page 238
FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy......Page 240
Direct current conductivity......Page 242
Microwave measurements......Page 243
Toroidal shape sample preparation......Page 244
7.5.1.2. Analysis of microwave parameters......Page 245
7.5.1.3. Efficient microwave absorbing properties......Page 248
7.6. Molecular and spin interactions: Tellurium and reduced graphene oxide......Page 252
7.6.1. Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide and tellurium-rGO......Page 253
7.6.1.1. Chemical state analysis of Te in rGO using electron spectroscopy......Page 254
7.6.1.3. Raman analysis......Page 255
Electron phonon coupling (EPC), Fermi velocity (VF), and photo resistivity......Page 256
Dynamical force constant, kq......Page 258
7.6.2. ESR studies of rGO and Te-rGO......Page 259
7.7. Multifunctional nanocarbons: NH3 gas sensors and EMI shielding......Page 261
7.7.1. Synthesis......Page 262
7.7.2. Surface morphology of nanocarbons......Page 263
7.7.3. Raman studies......Page 264
7.7.4. Optical spectroscopy: Optical band structure of nanocarbon......Page 265
7.7.5. Optical gas sensor characteristic......Page 266
7.7.5.1. Sensor transfer function......Page 267
7.7.5.2. Sensing mechanism......Page 269
7.7.5.3. Molecular imprint of NH3 on nanocarbon probe......Page 270
7.7.6.2. DC conductivity......Page 272
7.7.6.3. % reflection analysis......Page 273
7.7.6.4. Shielding mechanism......Page 275
7.8. Electromagnetic cloaking and metamaterials (left-handed medium)......Page 276
7.8.1. Ferro-nanocarbon split-ring resonators: Bianisotropic metamaterial......Page 278
7.8.1.2. Computational electromagnetic......Page 279
7.8.3. Morphological analysis of NC and FNC......Page 280
7.8.3.1. Molecular characteristic of NC and FNC: Raman analysis......Page 283
7.8.3.3. Magnetization analysis: NC and FNC......Page 284
7.8.4. Modeling and simulation: FNC SRRs......Page 286
7.8.4.1. Microwave scattering and constitutive parameters......Page 287
7.8.4.2. Nicolson-Ross-Weir formulism......Page 288
7.8.4.3. Retrieval technique: Extraction of other scattering parameters......Page 290
7.9. Concluding remarks and work scheme......Page 293
References......Page 296
Further reading......Page 308
8.1. Introduction......Page 310
8.2.1. Biowaste-based charred carbon......Page 312
8.2.2. Effect of biochar-derived nanocarbons on plant growth......Page 314
8.3. Nanocarbons on plant growth......Page 316
8.3.1.1. Water-soluble carbon nanotubes......Page 317
8.3.1.2. Water-soluble carbon nanoonions and carbon dots......Page 328
8.3.1.3. Water-soluble fullerenes......Page 331
8.3.1.4. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes......Page 332
8.3.1.5. Single-walled carbon nanotubes......Page 336
8.4. Effect of nanocarbons on soil microenvironments......Page 338
8.5. Conclusion......Page 340
References......Page 341
9.1. Introduction......Page 350
9.2. Carbon nanotubes......Page 353
9.4. Carbon nanotube properties......Page 354
9.5. Carbon nanotube-based composites......Page 356
9.6. Carbon nanotube applications......Page 357
9.7. Graphene......Page 358
9.8. Graphene synthesis......Page 360
9.9. Graphene properties......Page 361
9.10. Graphene-based composites......Page 363
9.11. Graphene applications......Page 364
9.12. Conclusion......Page 368
References......Page 369
10.1. Nanocarbon as an energy storage material......Page 378
10.2. Electronic structure methods applied to nanocarbon used on energy storage devices: Nanocomposites with transition m .........Page 380
10.3. Recent contributions in theoretical approaches......Page 392
10.4. Perspectives for future development and conclusion......Page 397
Acknowledgments......Page 398
References......Page 399
11.1. Introduction......Page 406
11.2. Methods of control......Page 408
11.4. Carbon nanotubes in the photocatalysis of NOx......Page 409
11.5. Adsorption of NOx over CNT......Page 414
11.6. Graphenes in photocatalysis of NOx......Page 415
11.7. Conclusions......Page 417
References......Page 418
12.1. Introduction......Page 424
12.2. Toxicity and health effects of VOCs......Page 425
12.3. Nanocarbon-based composite materials......Page 426
12.3.1. Graphene-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 428
12.3.2. Carbon nanotube-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 432
12.3.3. Carbon nanofiber-based nanocarbon materials for VOC removal......Page 434
Acknowledgment......Page 435
References......Page 436
13.1.1. General considerations-from basic studies and advanced theoretical modeling to practical issues......Page 444
13.2. Nanocarbons-overview of possible fillers......Page 447
13.3. Epoxy nanocomposite preparation-challenges and opportunities of using nanocarbon fillers......Page 453
13.4. Nanocarbon/epoxy composite properties-the versatility of materials......Page 456
13.5. Nanocarbon/epoxy composites applications-main fields of interest......Page 459
13.6. Multicomponent epoxy systems: Nanocarbons and elastomers/thermoplastics or inorganic compounds......Page 462
13.7. Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 464
References......Page 466
Further reading......Page 471
14.1. Introduction......Page 472
14.2. Most used carbon-based nanofillers for multiscale composites......Page 474
14.3.1. Thermosetting polymer matrices......Page 475
14.3.2. Thermoplastic polymer composites......Page 477
14.4. Mechanical properties of nanocarbon-based multiscale composites......Page 480
14.5. Multifunctional characteristics of nanocarbon-based multiscale composites......Page 482
14.6. Trends and future research......Page 485
References......Page 486
15.1. Introduction......Page 494
15.2.1. Sample synthesis......Page 496
15.2.2. Tensile test system......Page 497
15.2.3. Resistivity measurement system......Page 498
15.3. Tensile fracture of CNCs......Page 499
15.4.1. Real-time measurement of CNC tensile test......Page 501
15.4.3. Comparison to the macroscopic spring theory......Page 502
15.4.4. Estimation of the mechanical strength......Page 503
15.5.1. Relationship between the coil diameter and resistivity......Page 504
15.5.2. Temperature dependence of the resistivity......Page 505
15.6. Summary......Page 507
References......Page 508
16.1. Introduction......Page 512
16.2. Structure of CNTs......Page 513
16.3. Synthesis and growth mechanisms of CNTs......Page 516
16.3.2. Laser vaporization or laser ablation technique......Page 517
16.3.3. Chemical vapor deposition......Page 519
16.4. Purification of CNTs......Page 522
16.6. Preparation of manipulated carbon nanotubes......Page 523
16.6.1. Mechanical manipulation of aligned CNTs by laser pruning......Page 524
16.6.3. CNT/metal, CNT/metal oxide nanocomposites......Page 525
16.7. Potential applications of CNTs and CNT-based nanocomposites......Page 526
16.7.1. CNTs for hydrogen storage......Page 527
16.7.2. Electrochemical supercapacitors......Page 529
16.7.3. Field emission from CNT-based nanocomposites......Page 532
16.7.4. CNT-based electrochemical biosensors......Page 533
16.8. Conclusions......Page 535
References......Page 536
Further reading......Page 543
17.1. Nanocarbons and photocatalysis......Page 544
17.2. TiO2-Nanocarbon......Page 550
17.2.1. Fullerenes......Page 551
17.2.2. Carbon nanotubes......Page 555
17.2.3. Graphene......Page 559
17.3.1. Zinc oxide......Page 562
17.3.2. Copper oxides......Page 563
17.4.1. Cadmium sulfide......Page 565
17.4.2. Other sulfides......Page 568
17.5. MOFs-Nanocarbon......Page 571
17.6.2. Metal oxide-NC-chalcogenide......Page 580
17.6.3. Semiconductor-NC-metal......Page 583
17.6.4. Semiconductor nanocarbon-MOFs multifunctional materials......Page 584
17.7. Conclusion......Page 594
References......Page 595
18.1. Introduction......Page 612
18.2. Materials and methods......Page 613
18.2.1. Dielectric characterization......Page 614
18.3.1. Structural analysis......Page 615
18.3.2. FTIR analysis......Page 617
18.4. Electrical characterization-determination of energy gap......Page 619
18.5. Dielectric characterization......Page 620
References......Page 622
19.1. Introduction......Page 624
19.2.3. Investigation of performances of Ru/PVPC NPs during DMAB dehydrogenation......Page 626
19.3. Results and discussion......Page 627
References......Page 630
20.1. Introduction......Page 638
20.2.2. Synthesis of Ru nanomaterials stabilized by GO......Page 640
20.3. Results and discussion......Page 641
References......Page 645
21.1. Introduction......Page 652
21.2. Synthesis of a nanographene composite ion exchanger......Page 656
21.3. Properties of a nanographene ion exchanger......Page 664
21.4. Applications of nanographene composite ion exchangers......Page 665
21.5. Conclusion......Page 668
References......Page 669
22.1. Introduction......Page 674
22.2.1. Top-down methods......Page 675
22.2.2. Bottom-up methods......Page 678
22.3. Applications of CDs......Page 685
22.3.1. In vivo and in vitro bioimaging......Page 686
22.3.2. Cancer therapy......Page 687
22.3.4. Sensor and biosensors......Page 690
22.3.5. Catalysis and energy......Page 694
22.4. Concluding remarks......Page 695
References......Page 696
23.1. Introduction......Page 700
23.2.1. Fullerene-phthalocyanines......Page 704
23.2.2. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-Phthalocyanines......Page 708
23.2.3. Graphene-Phthalocyanines......Page 719
23.3. Conclusions......Page 726
References......Page 727
24.1. Introduction......Page 734
24.2.1. Carbon nanocomposites as an adsorption for water purification......Page 736
24.2.2. Carbon and its composites as photocatalysts for water purification......Page 740
24.2.3. Carbon and its composites as desalination for water purification......Page 744
24.2.4. Carbon and its composites as a disinfectant for water purification......Page 747
24.3. In summary......Page 750
References......Page 751
Chapter 25: Ultrasonic treatment in the production of classical composites and carbon nanocomposites......Page 756
25.1. Introduction: Prerequisites for the application of ultrasonic treatment in producing classical composites and carbo .........Page 757
25.2.1. Ultrasound and ultrasonic cavitation......Page 760
25.2.2.1. Sonochemical effects on sol-gel processes for synthesis of polymers......Page 762
25.2.3. Radiation of US energy into a low-viscosity liquid......Page 764
25.2.4. Ultrasonic modification of classical liquid epoxy compositions......Page 765
25.2.5. Ultrasonic cavitation processing devices for production of polymer composite materials......Page 767
25.3. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles in solutions and liquid polymeric media......Page 769
25.3.1. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles with organic solvents......Page 770
25.3.2. Ultrasonic dispersing of nanoparticles in liquid oligomers......Page 771
25.3.3. Sonication treatment of graphene dispersions......Page 772
25.4. Ultrasonic treatment for preparation of nanosuspensions......Page 773
25.4.1. Method of preparing nanosuspension in the preparation of a nanocomposite......Page 774
25.4.2. Influence of ultrasonic treatment on thermal and rheological properties of suspensions of carbon nanotubes......Page 775
25.5.1. Graphene......Page 776
25.5.2. Ultrasonic treatment in the production of graphene and graphene-containing products......Page 778
25.6.2. Aerogels based on carbon nanomaterials......Page 780
25.6.3. Aerogels based on graphene oxide: Synthesis and properties......Page 782
25.6.5. Problem situations in obtaining graphene aerogels......Page 785
25.6.6. Potential applications of aerogels......Page 786
25.7.1. Method of direct polymeric infiltration of aerogels......Page 787
25.7.2. Graphene aerogels with adjustable density......Page 788
25.8.1. Modeling of constructive-technological parameters of forming of classical polymer composites......Page 790
25.8.2. Production of nanomodified thermoplastic composite materials by extrusion method with ultrasonic treatment......Page 791
25.8.3. Method for the preparation of nanomodified epoxy compositions and prepregs on its basis......Page 793
25.9. Conclusions......Page 794
References......Page 796
26.1. Introduction......Page 804
26.2. Preparation of NCMFCCs......Page 806
26.3.1. Mechanical properties of NCMFCCs......Page 808
26.3.2. Electrical and self-sensing properties of NCMFCCs......Page 814
26.3.3. Other properties of NCMFCCs......Page 817
26.4. Application cases of NCMFCCs......Page 819
26.5. Summary......Page 820
References......Page 821
Chapter 27: Synthesis, properties, and characterization of carbon nanotube-reinforced metal matrix composites......Page 828
27.1. Introduction......Page 829
27.2.1. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes......Page 832
27.2.2. Carbon Nanotube Characterization......Page 833
27.3.1. Single-walled carbon nanotubes......Page 835
27.4. Composites made of carbon nanotubes......Page 838
27.5.4. Mechanical stirring and casting technique......Page 841
27.6.1. Time consumed for milling......Page 842
27.6.3. Microhardness......Page 843
27.7.1. Implication of CNT percentage with the relative density of the MMC......Page 845
27.7.2. Implication of CNT percentage with the hardness (Hv) of the MMC......Page 847
27.7.5. Implication of CNT percentage with the Young´s modulus of the MMC......Page 848
27.7.6. Implication of CNT percentage with the yield (0.2% proof) strength of the MMC......Page 849
27.8. Conclusion......Page 850
References......Page 851
Further reading......Page 853
Index......Page 854
Back Cover......Page 874