Nano Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy: Principles and Practices

✍ Scribed by Firdos Alam Khan (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 259
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book discusses the various modes and methods of nano-based drug delivery in different types of cancers such as colon, breast, cervical, ovarian, and lung cancer. It reviews the significance of nano drug delivery in cancer therapy, the application of nanoparticles in overcoming drug resistance, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. The book also covers topics related to the synthesis of different types, shapes, and sizes of nanocarriers using synthetic and biological approaches. Further, a chapter explores the synthesis of nanocarriers loaded with anti-cancer drugs by using functionalization or conjugations and encapsulation methods. The book also examines the nanocarriers as delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents against cancers using in vitro and animal models of cancers, preclinical trials for efficacy, and safety profiling of nanocarriers. Finally, future trends and innovation in nano drug delivery for cancer therapy, application of siRNA (nanoparticle-based RNA)therapy, ultrasound-linked nano-cancer therapeutics, and application of exosome-based cancer therapy topics are discussed. Towards the end, the book examines the limitations of nanocarriers, including the cell and tissue toxicity, genotoxicity, and scale-up of nanomaterials, health and environmental hazards associated with nanoformulation synthesis, respiratory diseases, government regulations, and ethical issues.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
About the Book
Contents
Editor and Contributors
1: Significance of Nano-drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy, Application of Nanoparticles in Overcoming Drug Resistance, Targeted ...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview History of Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles
1.3 Significance of Nano-Based Carriers Carrying Anticancer Agents
1.4 Various Types of Nanoparticles Are Used in Drug Delivery Systems
1.5 Organic Nanoparticles
1.5.1 Liposomes
1.5.2 Dendrimers
1.5.3 Carbon Nanoparticles and Nanotubes
1.5.4 Polymeric Nanocarriers
1.5.5 Polymeric Micelles
1.5.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
1.5.7 Inorganic Nanoparticles
1.5.8 Gold NPs
1.5.9 Iron Oxide NPs
1.5.10 Silica NPs
1.5.11 Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.5.12 Quantum Dots
1.5.13 Hybrid Nanoparticles
1.6 Application of Nanocarriers in Drug Resistance to Cancer
1.6.1 Application of Nanoparticles in Overcoming Drug Resistance
1.6.2 Application of Nanoparticles in Targeted Therapy
1.6.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Immunology
1.6.4 Mechanisms of Nanocarriers in Overcoming Drug Resistance Problems
1.6.4.1 Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effect
1.6.4.2 Passive and Active Targeting
1.6.4.3 Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Modulation
1.6.4.4 Co-delivery of Multiple Drugs
1.6.4.5 Controlled Drug Release
1.7 The Role of Nanoparticles in Immunotherapy
1.7.1 Nanoparticles as the Carrier of Immunotherapeutic Agents
1.7.2 Antigens and Adjuvants Delivery to Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
1.7.3 Antigens and Adjuvants Delivery to Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
1.7.4 Nanoparticles as the Direct Immunomodulators
1.7.5 Targeting Dendritic Cells
1.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2: Synthesis of Different Types, Shapes, and Sizes of Nanocarriers Using Synthetic and Biological Approaches
2.1 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods
2.1.1 0D Nanomaterials
2.1.1.1 Metal NPs
2.1.1.1.1 Co-precipitation Method
2.1.1.1.2 Polyol Method
2.1.1.1.3 Green Synthesis
2.1.1.2 Metal Oxide NPs
2.1.1.2.1 Sol-Gel Method
2.1.1.2.2 Solvothermal/Hydrothermal Method
2.1.1.2.3 Co-precipitation Method
2.1.1.2.4 Combustion Method
2.1.1.2.5 Sonochemical Synthesis
2.1.1.2.6 Green Synthesis
2.1.1.3 Polymeric NPs
2.1.1.3.1 Microemulsion Method
2.1.2 1D Nanomaterials
2.1.2.1 Template Synthesis Method
2.1.3 2D Nanomaterials
2.1.4 3D Nanomaterials
References
3: Synthesis of Nanocarriers Loaded with Anti-Cancer Drugs by Using Functionalization or Conjugations, Encapsulation Methods
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Functionalized Graphene Oxide
3.1.1.1 Conjugation and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide Based Nanocarriers
References
4: Nano-Drug Carriers for Chemotherapeutic Agents Delivery in Cancer Disease Treatment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lipid-Based Nanotherapy
4.2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
4.2.2 Liposomes
4.2.3 Lipid Emulsions
4.3 Carbon-Based Nanotherapy
4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Nanofibers
4.3.2 Carbon Dots
4.4 Dendrimers Based Nanotherapy
4.5 Protein-Based Nanotherapy
4.6 Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanotherapy
4.6.1 PLGA Nanoparticles
4.6.2 PLA and PBCA Nanoparticles
4.7 Metal-Based Nanotherapy
4.7.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
4.7.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
4.7.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
4.7.4 Inert Metals Nanoparticles
4.8 Combinatorial Nanoparticles
4.9 Conclusion
4.10 Future Perspectives
References
5: Testing of Nanocarriers Loaded with Chemotherapeutic Agents in the Animal Models of Cancers: Preclinical Trials for Efficac...
5.1 Cancer
5.1.1 Historical Turning Points in Cancer
5.1.2 Treatment of Cancer
5.1.3 Introduction to Nanotechnology
5.2 Applications of Nanotechnology
5.2.1 Nanomaterials Used for Cancer Therapy
5.2.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
5.2.1.2 Lipid-Based Nanomaterials
5.2.1.3 Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.4 Carbon Nanoparticles
5.2.2 Use of Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy
5.2.3 Opportunities and Challenges of Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
5.3 Preclinial Testing of Nanocarriers
5.3.1 Uses of Animal Model
5.3.2 Various Animal Models Employed in Cancer Models
5.3.2.1 Canine Cancer Models
5.3.2.2 Patient-Derived Xenograft (PDX) Model
5.3.2.3 Mouse Models
5.3.2.4 Transgenic Mouse Models (of Breast Cancer): The MMTV Paradigm
5.3.2.5 Zebrafish Model
5.4 Hu-PBL Model
5.5 Toxicities of Nanocarriers
5.6 Safety Profiling of Nanoparticles
5.6.1 Importance of Safety Profiling
5.6.2 Current Methods of Safety Profiling
5.6.3 Challenges and Limitations
5.6.4 Future Directions
References
6: Testing of Nanocarriers Loaded with Chemotherapeutic Agents: Cancer Patients and Clinical Trials
6.1 Clinical Trials and Different Phases
6.2 Application of Nanocarriers in Anticancer Drug Delivery
6.2.1 Poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Nanocarriers
6.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Nanocarriers
6.2.3 Plant-Based Nanocarriers
6.3 Clinical Trials of Nano-Based Formulation for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy-Completed Trials
6.4 FDA Approved Nano-Based Materials for Cancer
6.4.1 Polymer Nanoparticles-Synthetic Polymer Particles Combined with Drugs or Biologics
6.4.2 Liposome Formulations Combined with Drugs or Biologics
6.4.3 Micellar Nanoparticles Combined with Drugs or Biologics
6.4.4 Nanocrystals
6.5 Conclusion
References
7: Nanocarriers-Based Products in the Market, FDA Approval, Commercialization of Nanocarriers, and Global Market
7.1 Commercialization of Nanomedicine Products
7.2 Process of Commercialization Nanomedicine Products
7.2.1 Identification of Problem
7.2.2 Finding Solution
7.2.3 Research and Invention
7.2.4 Disclosure of Invention
7.2.5 Assessment of Invention
7.2.6 Issuing of Patent
7.2.7 Licensing of Patented Technology
7.2.8 Preclinical and Clinical Trials
7.2.9 Approval of the Product
7.2.10 Marketing of Product
7.3 Nanomaterials as Commercial Products
7.4 Global Market of Nanomedicine Products
7.4.1 Market Classification of Nanomedicine Products
7.4.2 Leading Players in Nanomedicine Market
7.5 Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy
References
8: Limitations of Nanocarriers Such as Cell and Tissue Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Scale-Up of Nanomaterials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanomaterials and Their Biomedical Applications
8.3 Limitations Faced by Drug Loaded Nanocarriers
8.3.1 Immune System (IS) and Nanocarriers
8.3.1.1 Innate Immune System
8.3.1.2 Adaptive Immune System
8.3.2 Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
8.4 Toxicity of Nanocarriers
8.4.1 Cellular Toxicity of Nanocarriers
8.4.2 Gene Toxicity
8.4.3 Accumulation in Organs
8.5 Scale-Up of Nanocarriers
8.6 Conclusion
References
9: Health and Environmental Hazards Associated with the Synthesis of Nanomaterials-Respiratory Diseases, Government Regulation...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of Nanoparticles
9.3 Harmful Effects of Nanomaterials
9.4 Impact of Nanomaterials-Induced Toxicity
9.5 Methods of Evaluating Nanomaterial-Induced Toxicities
9.5.1 In Vitro Method of Testing
9.5.2 In Vivo Method of Testing
9.6 Reduction of Nanoparticles Toxicity
9.7 Nanomaterials and Regulations for Preventing Health Hazards
References
10: Future Trends and Innovation in Nano Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy, Application of siRNA (Nanoparticle-Based RNA) Thera...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 NPs in Cancer Therapy
10.3 NPs Used for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
10.3.1 Inorganic NPs for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
10.3.1.1 Liposomes
10.3.1.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
10.3.1.3 Peptides and Protein Nanoparticles
10.3.2 Micelles NPs
10.3.3 Self-Assembled Drug NPs
10.4 Targeted Drug Delivery
10.4.1 Passive Targeting
10.4.1.1 Limitations in Passive Targeting
10.4.2 Active Targeting
10.4.3 Targeting to Cancer Cells
10.4.3.1 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFRs)-Based Active Targeting
10.4.3.2 Transferrin (Tf) Receptor-Mediated Active Targeting
10.4.3.3 Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Active Targeting
10.4.3.4 Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Receptor-Mediated
10.4.3.5 Folate Receptor (FR)-Mediated Active Targeting
10.4.3.6 Glycoproteins-Mediated Active Targeting Systems
10.4.3.7 Other Receptor-Mediated Active Targeting Systems
10.4.4 Targeting to Endothelium
10.5 Stimuli-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1 Endogenous Stimuli
10.5.1.1 pH-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1.2 Redox-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1.3 Enzyme-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1.4 Hypoxia-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1.5 ATP-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.1.6 Tumor-Metabolite Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.2 Exogenous Stimuli
10.5.2.1 Temperature Stimuli-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.2.2 Magnetic Stimuli-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.2.3 Light Stimuli-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.5.2.4 Ultrasound Stimuli-Responsive Targeting Strategies
10.6 Stimuli-Responsive Gene Delivery Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy
10.7 Application of siRNA (Nanoparticle-Based RNA) Cancer Therapy
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Difficulties in siRNA Delivery
10.7.2.1 Physiological Barriers
10.7.2.2 Cell Membrane
10.7.2.3 Stability
10.7.2.4 Off-Target Effects
10.7.3 Applications of Nanocarriers for siRNA Delivery
10.7.4 Nanocarriers for Co-delivery of siRNA with Anticancer Drug
10.7.5 Clinical Applications of siRNA-Based Nanotherapies
10.7.6 Current Challenges and Opportunities
10.7.7 Design Concerns for Future Development of RNAi-Mediated Anticancer Nanotherapeutics
10.8 Ultrasound Linked Nano-cancer Therapeutics
10.8.1 Introduction
10.8.2 Ultrasound Parameters Used for Cancer Therapy
10.8.3 Ultrasound Interactions with Nanoparticles
10.8.4 Types of Ultrasound-Sensitive Materials and Nanoparticles
10.9 Exosomes as Anticancer Drug Delivery Vehicles
10.9.1 Introduction
10.9.2 Biogenesis and Uptake of Exosomes
10.9.3 The Sources of Exosomes
10.9.4 Isolation of Exosomes
10.9.4.1 Ultracentrifugation
10.9.4.2 Ultrafiltration
10.9.4.3 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
10.9.4.4 Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (F4)
10.9.4.5 Hydrostatic Filtration Dialysis (HFD)
10.9.4.6 Polymer-Based Precipitation
10.9.4.7 Immunoaffinity Capture-Based Technology
10.9.4.8 Microfluidic-Based Exosome Isolation
10.9.5 Drug Loading on Exosomes
10.9.5.1 Presecretory Drug Loading
10.9.5.1.1 Co-Incubation (Drug and Cells)
10.9.5.1.2 Transfection
10.9.5.2 Post Secretory Drug Loading
10.9.5.2.1 Electroporation
10.9.5.2.2 Sonication
10.9.5.2.3 Freeze-Thaw Cycle
10.9.5.2.4 Extrusion
10.9.5.2.5 Co-Incubation (Drugs and Exosomes)
10.9.5.2.6 Surfactant Treatment
10.9.5.2.7 Dialysis
10.9.6 Exosomes Applications in Cancer Treatment
10.9.6.1 Small Molecule Chemotherapy Drugs
10.9.6.2 Therapeutic Nucleic Acid
10.9.6.3 Other Therapeutic Compounds
10.9.7 Targeted Delivery of Exosomes
10.10 Conclusion
References