Abstract
Experimental studies have indicated that n‐3 fatty acids, including alpha‐linolenic acid (18:3 n‐3) and long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit mammary tumor growth and metastasis. Earlier epidemiological studies have given inconclusive results about a potential protective effect of dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on breast cancer risk, possibly because of methodological issues inherent to nutritional epidemiology. To evaluate the hypothesis that n‐3 fatty acids protect against breast cancer, we examined the fatty acid composition in adipose tissue from 241 patients with invasive, nonmetastatic breast carcinoma and from 88 patients with benign breast disease, in a case‐control study in Tours, central France. Fatty acid composition in breast adipose tissue was used as a qualitative biomarker of past dietary intake of fatty acids. Biopsies of adipose tissue were obtained at the time of surgery. Individual fatty acids were measured as a percentage of total fatty acids, using capillary gas chromatography. Unconditional logistic regression modeling was used to obtain odds ratio estimates while adjusting for age, height, menopausal status and body mass index. We found inverse associations between breast cancer‐risk and n‐3 fatty acid levels in breast adipose tissue. Women in the highest tertile of alpha‐linolenic acid (18:3 n‐3) had an odds ratio of 0.39 (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.19–0.78) compared to women in the lowest tertile (trend p = 0.01). In a similar way, women in the highest tertile of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) had an odds ratio of 0.31 (95% CI = 0.13‐0.75) compared to women in the lowest tertile (trend p = 0.016). Women in the highest tertile of the long‐chain n‐3/total n‐6 ratio had an odds ratio of 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.17–0.66) compared to women in the lowest tertile (trend p = 0.0002). In conclusion, our data based on fatty acids levels in breast adipose tissue suggest a protective effect of n‐3 fatty acids on breast cancer risk and support the hypothesis that the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids plays a role in breast cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.