MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications

✍ Scribed by Deshmukh K., Pandey M., Hussain C.M. (ed.)

• Publisher: Scrivener Publishing
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 566
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This volume is the first book to comprehensively explore the various fabrication and processing strategies for MXene-reinforced polymer composites including detailed characterizations and their numerous applications.
The book systematically provides a critical discussion on the synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties, characterizations, surface chemistry, and functionalization strategies of MXenes and their utilization as efficient nanofiller into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites. The book provides a deep insight into the recent state-of-the-art progress in MXene-reinforced polymer composites, discussing several critical issues and providing suggestions for future work. The key features of this book are:
Providing fundamental information and a clear understanding of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, and physicochemical properties of MXenes;
Presenting a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing MXene-reinforced polymer composites;
Exploring various processing and fabrication methods of MXene-reinforced polymer composites;
Providing deep insight into fundamental properties and various emerging applications of MXene-reinforced polymer/composites.
Audience:
Researchers, postgraduates, and industry engineers working in materials science, polymer science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, as well as technologists in electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1. Two-Dimensional MXenes: Fundamentals, Characteristics, Synthesis Methods, Processing, Compositions, Structure, and Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamentals
1.2.1 Crystallographic Structure
1.2.2 Electronic Structure
1.2.3 Magnetic Structure
1.3 General Characteristics of the MXenes
1.3.1 Physical Properties
1.3.2 Chemical Properties
1.4 Synthesis Methods
1.4.1 Wet Chemical Etching
1.4.2 Urea Glass Route
1.4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
1.4.4 Molten Salt Etching
1.4.5 Hydrothermal Synthesis
1.4.6 Electrochemical Synthesis at Room Temperature
1.5 Applications
1.5.1 Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (NRR)
1.5.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)/Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR)
1.5.3 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
1.5.4 Energy Storages
1.5.4.1 Battery
1.5.4.2 Supercapacitor
1.5.4.3 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
1.5.5 Biomedical Applications
1.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
Acknowledgement
References
2. Chemical Exfoliation and Delamination Methods of MXenes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 HF Etching Method
2.3 In Situ HF-Forming Etching Method
2.3.1 Fluoride Salts/Acids Etching Method
2.3.2 Bifluoride Salts Etching Method
2.4 Molten Salt Etching Method
2.4.1 Fluorine-Containing Molten Salt Etching Route
2.4.2 Fluorine-Free Molten Salt Etching Route
2.5 Electrochemical Etching Method
2.6 Hydrothermal Etching Method
2.7 Alkali Etching Method
2.8 Other Etching Methods
2.9 Exfoliation Strategies of Multilayered MXene
2.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
3. Surface Terminations and Surface Functionalization Strategies of MXenes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Surface Termination Strategies in MXenes
3.2.1 Hydrofluoric Acid-Based Etching
3.2.2 Molten Salt Etching
3.2.3 Alkali-Based Etching
3.2.4 Electrochemically-Assisted Etching
3.2.5 Manipulation of Terminations: Surface Modification and Doping in MXenes
3.3 Methods of Surface Functionalization in MXenes
3.3.1 Controlling Surface Terminations
3.3.2 Single Heteroatom Method
3.3.3 Small Molecules
3.3.4 Surface-Initiated Polymerization
3.3.5 Other Methods
3.4 Application of Surface Modified MXenes
3.4.1 Energy Generation and Storage
3.4.2 Biomedicine
3.4.2.1 Biosensing and Bioimaging
3.4.2.2 Photothermal Therapy
3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery
3.4.2.4 Antibacterial Activity
3.4.3 Catalysis
3.4.3.1 CO Oxidation
3.4.3.2 Activation and Conversion of CO2
3.4.3.3 Water-Gas Shift (WGS)
3.4.4 Other Applications of Surface Modified MXenes
3.4.4.1 Sensors
3.4.4.2 Membrane-Based Separation
3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
4. Electronic, Electrical and Optical Properties of MXenes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of MXenes
4.3 An Overview of Various Methods of Synthesis of MXenes
4.3.1 Aqueous Acid Etching (AAE) Method
4.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method
4.4 Electronic Properties
4.4.1 Density of States and Electronic Distribution
4.4.2 Band Structure and Bandgap Estimation
4.4.3 Methods to Enhance Electronic Properties
4.5 Electrical Properties
4.5.1 MXene Structure and Composition
4.5.2 Electrical Conductivity
4.5.3 Surface Functionalization
4.5.4 Methods to Enhance Electrical Properties
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Photoluminescence Response
4.6.2 Absorption Properties
4.6.3 Dielectric Properties
4.6.4 Non-Linear Optical Properties
4.6.5 Plasmonic Properties
4.6.6 Methods to Improve the Optical Properties
4.7 Conclusion
References
5. Magnetic, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of MXenes
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Applications of MXenes
5.1.2 Structure of MXenes
5.2 Magnetic Characteristics of MXenes
5.3 Mechanical Characteristics of MXenes
5.4 Thermal Characteristics of MXenes
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication Methods, Processing, Properties and Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication Methods and Processing
6.2.1 Direct Physical Mixing
6.2.2 Surface Modification
6.2.3 In Situ Polymerization
6.2.4 Others
6.3 Properties
6.3.1 Electrical Properties
6.3.2 Thermal Properties
6.3.3 Mechanical Properties
6.3.4 Photo Thermal Properties
6.3.5 Flame Retardant Properties
6.3.6 Others
6.4 Applications
6.4.1 Sensors
6.4.2 Energy Applications
6.4.3 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
6.4.4 Catalytically Conversion
6.4.5 Oil/Water Separation
6.4.6 Others
6.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgment
References
7. Structural, Morphological and Tribological Properties of Polymer/MXene Composites
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of MXene
7.3 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposites
7.4 MXene/Polymer Nanocomposite Fabrication Methods
7.4.1 Solution Mixing
7.4.2 In Situ Polymerization Blending
7.4.3 Hot Press
7.4.4 Other Methods
7.5 Characteristics of Polymer/MXene Composites
7.5.1 Structural Properties
7.5.2 Tri-Biological Properties
7.5.3 Morphological Properties
7.5.4 Interfacial Strength
7.5.5 Other Properties
7.6 Novel Applications of Polymer/MXene Composites
7.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
8. MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Dielectric Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Synthesis of MXene
8.2.1 Etching of MAX Phases
8.2.2 Modified Acid Etching Methods of MAX Phases
8.2.3 Fluoride Salts as Etchants
8.2.4 Fluoride-Free Synthesis Methods
8.3 Modification Strategies of MXene
8.3.1 Covalent Interaction
8.3.2 Non-Covalent Interaction
8.4 Synthesis Methods and Fabrication of MXene-Based Polymer Composites
8.4.1 Ex Situ Mixing
8.4.2 In Situ Mixing
8.4.3 Fabrication Techniques
8.4.3.1 Drop Casting
8.4.3.2 Vacuum-Assisted Filtration (VAF)
8.4.3.3 Hot Press (HP)
8.5 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composite
8.5.1 Electronic and Dielectric Property
8.5.2 Dielectric Constant
8.5.3 Dielectric Loss
8.5.4 Breakdown Strength
8.5.5 AC Electrical Conductivity
8.6 Dielectric Applications of MXene/Polymer Composite Materials
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. MXenes-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Microwave Absorption and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications
9.1 Introduction to MXenes
9.1.1 Structure and Properties
9.1.2 Applications
9.2 Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption
9.3 MXenes-Based Materials for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption
9.3.1 MXenes
9.3.2 MXenes/Carbon Composites
9.3.3 MXenes/Magnetic Materials
9.3.4 MXenes/Polymer Composites
9.3.5 Hybrid Combinations
9.4 EMI Shielding Mechanisms for MXene-Based Materials
9.5 MXenes/Polymer Composites for EMI Shielding and Microwave Absorption
9.6 Electrospun Fibers with MXenes as Additives
9.7 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
10. Polymer/MXene Composites for Supercapacitor and Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitor Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 MXene-Polymer Composites
10.2.1 Classification
10.2.2 Preparation Methods
10.2.2.1 Ex Situ Blending (Solvent Processing)
10.2.2.2 In Situ Polymerization
10.2.2.3 Other Preparation Methods
10.2.3 Properties
10.2.3.1 Electrical Properties
10.2.3.2 Thermal Properties
10.2.3.3 Mechanical Properties
10.3 Applications of MXene Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
10.3.1 Introduction to Supercapacitor and Its Classification
10.3.2 Classification of Supercapacitor
10.3.3 Recent Advancements and Achievements in Various MXene-Polymer Composites for Supercapacitor Applications
10.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Hazardous Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Detection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthesis of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites
11.2.1 Synthesis of MXenes
11.2.2 Synthesis of MXene-Based Composites
11.2.3 MXene–Polymer Composites
11.3 Properties of MXenes and MXene–Polymer Composites
11.3.1 Mechanical Properties
11.3.2 Electronic Properties
11.3.3 Magnetic Properties
11.4 Mxene–Polymer Composites Applications
11.4.1 Detection of VOCs and Hazardous Gases
11.4.2 Environment-Related Applications
11.4.2.1 Catalysis
11.4.2.2 Electrocatalysis
11.4.2.3 Photocatalysis
11.4.3 Water Remediation
11.5 Future Directions
11.5.1 Bioimaging
11.5.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
11.5.1.2 Photoacoustic (PA) Imaging
11.5.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
11.5.3 Bone Regeneration
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
12. MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Flexible Wearable Sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Performance Parameter for Flexible Pressure and Strain Sensor
12.2.1 Sensitivity
12.2.2 Stretchability
12.2.3 Hysteresis
12.2.4 Durability and Range
12.3 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Pressure Sensors
12.4 Design of MXenes/Polymer Composites as Flexible Strain Sensors
12.5 Design of MXenes/Biopolymer Composites as a Flexible Pressure Sensor
12.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
13. MXene-Based Polymer Composites for Various Biomedical Applications
13.1 Introduction to MXenes
13.2 Synthesis of MXenes and Their Physicochemical Properties
13.3 Biomedical Applications of MXenes
13.3.1 Engineering Biosensors and Bioimaging Platforms
13.3.2 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy of Tumor Cells
13.3.3 Drug Carrier/Delivery Agents
13.3.4 Antimicrobial Therapeutics
13.3.5 Regeneration of Tissue/Tissue Engineering
13.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14. MXene-Reinforced Polymer Composite Membranes for Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Preparation
14.2.1 Vacuum-Assisted Filtration
14.2.2 Layer-By-Layer Assembly
14.2.3 Electrospinning
14.2.4 Casting
14.3 Properties of MXene/Polymer Composites
14.3.1 Mechanical Property
14.3.2 Morphological Properties
14.3.3 Thermal Property
14.3.4 Electrical Property
14.4 MXene Composite Membranes: Potentiality in Wastewater Treatment and Water Desalination
14.4.1 MXene Composite Membranes in Removing Dyes
14.4.2 MXene Composite Membranes in Removing Radioactive Wastes
14.4.3 MXene Composite Membranes in Removing Metals
14.4.4 MXene Composite Membranes in Promoting Oil/Water Separation
14.4.5 MXene Composite Membranes in Removing Microbes
14.4.6 MXene Composite Membranes in Water Desalination
14.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
15. MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membranes for Pervaporation and Gas Separation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Development of MXene-Based Polymer Composite Membrane
15.2.1 Cross-Linking MXene Nanosheets
15.2.1.1 Self-Crosslinking Technique
15.2.1.2 Molecular Crosslinking Technique
15.2.1.3 Ionic Crosslinking Technique
15.2.2 Construction of Additional Nanochannels
15.2.3 MXene Hybrid Membranes
15.2.4 MXene as 2D Scaffolds
15.2.5 Mixed Matrix Membrane (MMM)
15.2.6 Thin Film Nanocomposite
15.2.7 Nanolaminate Membranes
15.3 Pervaporation
15.3.1 Mechanism for Pervaporation
15.3.2 Theory of Pervaporation
15.3.2.1 Solution Diffusion Theory
15.3.3 Characterization of Pervaporation Membranes
15.3.3.1 Swelling Tests
15.3.3.2 Contact Angle
15.3.3.3 Surface Analyses
15.3.3.4 Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
15.3.4 Parameters in Membrane Performance
15.3.4.1 Effects of Membrane Thickness
15.3.4.2 Effect of Temperature
15.3.4.3 Effect of Feed Concentration
15.3.5 Reported Works on Pervaporation Using MXene-Based Membranes
15.4 Gas Separation
15.4.1 Mechanism for Gas Separation
15.4.2 Types of Membrane for Gas Permeation
15.4.2.1 Porous Membrane
15.4.2.2 Non-Porous Membrane
15.4.3 Factors Affecting Gas Permeation
15.4.4 Reported Works on Gas Permeation Using MXene-Based Membranes
15.5 Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgement
References
Index