Mushrooms: Types, Properties, and Nutrition

✍ Scribed by Sophie Andres

• Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
• Year: 2014
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 399
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

MUSHROOMSTYPES, PROPERTIES AND NUTRITION
MUSHROOMSTYPES, PROPERTIES AND NUTRITION
Contents
Preface
Shiitake Mushroom Submerged Culture and Morphogenesis: Regularities, Computations, Practical Use
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis of Extracellular Polysaccharides and Other Medicinal Substances
3. Aflatoxin-Inhibiting Effect of Lentinula edodes
4. Production of Extracellular Oxidases
5. Changes in Activity of Extracellular Enzymes in Dual Cultures of Lentinula
6. Decrease in the Phytotoxicity of Wastes
7. Biosynthesis of Ribonucleases
8. Morphogenesis in Liquid Culture
8.1. Lentinula Fruiting in Liquid Media
8.2. Peculiarities of Chemical Composition of Lentinula edodes in Submerged Culture
8.3. Pigmented Mycelial Film
9. Studies Carried Out by Our Group
9.1. Biotechnological Potential of Mushroom Lectins
9.2. Detection of Shiitake Lectins on Submerged Cultivation
9.3. Shiitake's Pigmented Mycelial Film Formation
9.4. The Effect of Metal Cations on the Lectin Activity
9.5. Lectin Activity and Organo-Selenium Compounds
9.6. Isolation and Characterization of Lentinula edodes Extracellular Lectins
9.7. Application of Mn(II) for Obtaining the Seeding Mycelium of Lentinula edodes
9.8. Co-Culture of Lentinula edodes with Bacteria
9.9. Shiitake Mushroom as a Non-Phyto Origin of Indolic Phytohormons
10. Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Edible Mushrooms: Potential Role in Weight Regulation
Abstract
Introduction
Nutritive Value of Edible Mushrooms
Overweight and Obesity: Why is it a Big Concern?
Obesity Trends in the U.S.
Consequences of Excess Body Fat
Health
Psychosocial and Economic
Causes
Genetic and Environmental
Dietary Behaviors
Rationale for Reducing Dietary Energy Density to Prevent Weight Gain and Obesity
Reducing Energy Density with Edible Mushrooms
Rationale for Reducing Meat Intake in the Diet
Effect of Substituting Mushrooms for Meat on Energy Intake
Results
Health Benefits and Edible Mushroom Intake
Anti-Inflammatory and Anti Oxidative Stress Properties of Edible Mushrooms
Obesity, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Effect of Edible Mushrooms on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Anti-Oxidative Stress Properties
Conclusion
References
Cultivated Mushrooms: Disease Control in Mushroom Industry
Abstract
Introduction
Cultivated Mushrooms
Diseases of Cultivated Mushrooms
Dry Bubble Disease
Wet Bubble Disease
Cobweb Disease
Green Mould Disease
Bacterial Diseases
Mushroom Viruses
Disease Control of Cultivated Mushrooms by Fungicides
Disease Tolerance of Cultivated Mushrooms
Biological Disease Control of Cultivated Mushrooms
Conclusion
References
Production of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Oyster Mushroom) Grown on Sugar Cane Biomass (Trash, Bagasse and Pith)
Abstract
Introduction
Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms
Substrates for Pleurotus Ostreatus Cultivation
Sugarcane by-Products
Sugarcane Biomass Composition
Pleurotus Ostreatus Cultivation in Sugar Cane Biomass
Yield of Oyster Mushroom
Spent Mushroom Substrate
Socioeconomic Aspects and Sustainability From Mushroom Production on SugarcaneBiomass
References
Sustainable Use of Microbial Endophytes
Abstract
Endophyte Diversity
Endophytes: Bioprospecting
Antimicrobial Compounds
Anticancer Agents
Endophyte and Immunosuppressive Drugs
Endophytes: Sustainable Use and Application
Stress Tolerance in Plants through Endophyte Symbiosis
Endophyte as Repository Material
Endophyte-Enhanced Tissue Culture
Endophytes and Plant Growth-Promotion Activity
Endophytes as Biological Control Agents (Bcas)
Endophytes and Phytoremediation
Endophytes and Biomaterials
Future Perspectives
References
Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of European Species of Wild Growing Mushrooms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mycological Terms
3. Dry Matter, Proximate Composition, Energy Value and Bioavailability
4. Proteins and Amino Acids
5. Lipids
6. Carbohydrates and Fiber
7. Mineral Composition
7.1. Major Elements
7.2. Trace Elements
8. Vitamins and Provitamins
9. Flavor and Taste Components
10. Pigments
11. Health-Promoting Constituents
11.1. Antioxidants
11.1.1. Phenolic Compounds
11.1.2. Other Compounds with Antioxidant Properties
12. Detrimental Components of Edible Mushrooms
12.1. Natural Components
12.2. Contaminants
13. Other Compounds
14. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgement
References
Pleuran: Immunomodulotor Polysaccharide From Pleurotus Ostreatus, Structure, Production and Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Chemical Structure of the Pleuran
3. Production
3.1. Solid State Fermentation
3.2. Submerged Fermentation
3.3. Extraction and Purification
4. Applications
5. Further Research Areas
Conclusion
References
Enhancing the Medicinal Properties of Agaricus subrufescens by Growing Practices
Abstract
Introduction
Medicinal Proprieties
Variability Study of (-Glucan and the Agronomic Performance of Agaricus Subrufescens According to Different Strains and Types of Compost
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
Variability Study of Agaricus Subrufescens (-Glucan and Agronomic Performance According to the Casing Layer and Cultivation Environment
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
The Creation of a Growing Protocol
Conclusion
References
Hemolytic Lectins of Higher Mushrooms
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Electrophoretic Studies
Study of the Hemolytic Activity of Purified Lectins
Study of Carbohydrate Specificity of the Lectin
Study of the Antimicrobial Action of the Lectins
Mammalian Cells and their Culturing
Results and Discussion
The Effect of Hemolytic Lectins towardsOther Types of Cells
Conclusion
References
Radioactivity of European Wild Growing Edible Mushrooms
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mycological Terms
3. Radioactivity Units and Legislation
4. Natural Radionuclides in Mushrooms
5. Artificial Radionuclides in Mushrooms Until 1985
6. Mushroom Radioactivity After the Chernobyl Accident
6.1. Chernobyl Accident
6.2. Radiocesium Transfer From Soils to Mushrooms
6.3. Mushrooms Radioactivity Since 1986
6.3.1. Mushrooms Radioactivity between 1986 and 2000
6.3.2. Mushrooms Radioactivity Since 2001
7. Decrease of Mushroom Radioactivity by Culinary Treatments
8. Radioactivity Burden Due to Mushroom Consumption
9. Radiocesium in Meat of Game Eating Mushrooms
Acknowledgement
References
White Button Mushrooms, Quality Evaluation and Shelf Life Prediction
Abstract
Introduction
Mushroom Shelf-Life and Quality Classification
Traditional Mushroom Quality and Shelf-Life Evaluation Methods
Enzymatic Browning
Physical Damage
Colour
Development Stages
Novel Techniques in Mushroom Quality and Shelf Life Evaluation
Application of Vis- NIR for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
Application of RGB Imaging for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
Application of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) for Mushroom Quality Evaluation
Conclusion
Reviewed by
References
Basidiomycetes Mushrooms of Brazilian Tropical Rainforests: Biodiversity and Biological Applications
Summary
1. Diversity of Basidiomycetes Living in the Brazilian Tropical Rainforest
2. Biotechnological Use of Basidiomycetes
2.1. Bioactive Primary Metabolites Produced by Basidiomycetes
2.2. Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Produced by Basidiomycetes
Basidiomycetes as Source of Nutraceutical Food
Conclusion
References
Co-Cultivation of Pleurotus Species with Yeasts
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Cultivation on Agar Media
Cultivation of Pleurotus Fruiting Bodies
Biochemical Analysis of P. Citrinopileatus Fruiting Bodies
Results and Discussion
I. Cultivation on Agar Media
II. Cultivation of Pleurotus Fruiting Bodies
A. Cultivation of P. Citrinopileatus with Yeast Suspension and
Yeast Suspension Supernatant
B. Co-Cultivation of Pleurotus Species with the Trophic Preferendum Yeasts Suspension
Cultivation of P. citrinopileatus
Cultivation of P. djamor
Cultivation of P. eryngii
Cultivation of P. ostreatus
Cultivation of P. pulmonarius
III. Biochemical Analysis of P. citrinopileatus Fruiting Bodies
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Antioxidant Properties of the most Common Edible Mushrooms Consumed in Brazil
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Mushrooms and Preparation of Extracts
Determination of Total Reducing Power
Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Assay ((-Carotene-Linoleic Acid Assay)
Determination of Chelating Effects on Ferrous Ions
Determination of the Scavenging Effect on DPPH● Radicals
Determination of Total Phenolic Contents
Statistical Analysis
Chemicals
Results and Discussion
Yield of Methanolic and Hydroalcoholic Extracts
Antioxidant Properties of Hydroalcoholic Extracts
Correlation of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Contents
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Biologically Active Mushroom Proteins
Abstract
Introduction
Antifungal Proteins
Antibacterial Protein
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIPs)
Proteases
Ubiquitin-Like Proteisn
Laccases
Xylanases
Tyrosinases
Hemolysins
Polysaccharopeptides and Polysaccharoproteins
Peptide with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitory Activity
Deoxyribonuclease
Acid Phosphatase
β-Mannosidase
Carboxylesterase
Ribonucleases
Lectins
L-Amino Acid Oxidase
Amatoxins, Phallotoxins and Virotoxins
Conclusion
References
Activation and Stabilization of Mushroom Tyrosinase by Addition of Polyethylene Glycols
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Materials
Enzyme Preparation
Activity Studies
Stability Studies
Results and Discussion
Activity Studies
Stability Studies
Discussion
References
Agaricus bM Mushroom May Protect Athletes against Inflammation, Infection and Asthma
Abstract
Introduction
Asthma and Allergy
Infection
Inflammation
Conclusion
References
Biological Activities of Pleurotus Mushrooms
Abstract
Introduction
Nutritional Value
Enzymes and Proteins from Pleurotus
Antimicrobial Activities
Anticancer and Antitumor Activities
Antiviral Properties
Cholesterol Lowering Properties
Antioxidant Activities
Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Activities
Antidiabetic Activities
Conclusion
References
Medicinal Activities of Mushroom Polysacchropeptides
Abstract
Introduction
Polysaccharopeptide From Coriolus Versicolor
PSP and PSK
Preparation of PSP
PSP Enhances Apoptosis in Tumor Cells
Suppressive Effect of PSP on Angiogenesis
PSP Potentiates Anticancer Activity of Doxorubicin and Etoposide on Human Breast Cancer Cells
Effect of PSP on Cell-Cycle Progression and Expression of Interleukins-1 Beta,-6, and -8 in Promyelocytic HL-60 Leukemic Cells
Effect of PSP on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression
Activation of Mouse Lymphocytes and Macrophages by PSP
Lack of an Effect of PSP on Female Reproductive System and Embryonic Development in Mice
Hyperalgesic Effect of PSP
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity of PSP
Polysaccharopeptide from Grifola Frondosa
Polysaccharopeptide from Lentinus Edodes
Polysaccharopeptide from Pleurotus Abalonus
Polysaccharopeptide from Tricholoma Mongolicum
Polysaccharopeptide from Tricholoma Species
Conclusion
References
Index