Multimodality Imaging and Intervention in Oncology

✍ Scribed by Emanuele Neri (editor), Paola Anna Erba (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 594
• Edition: 1st ed. 2023
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides the reader with a focused review of multimodality imaging strategies (radiology and molecular imaging) in staging and re-staging the major types of cancer (i.e. thyroid, breast, colon-rectum, lung, prostate, pancreas, liver, head and neck, and hematological cancer), including rare neoplasms.
In addition to presenting the possible diagnostic pathways for all oncologic diseases, the book identifies those interventions currently available in clinical practice (these being a branch of interventional radiology), while also examining and detailing molecular radiotherapy strategies.
The work has an interdisciplinary appeal and, thanks to its highly informative and cutting-edge coverage, professionals as well as advanced students and residents in radiology, oncology and surgery will find it of particular interest.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
1: Introduction
1.1 Imaging in the Diagnosis and Staging of Disease
1.2 Imaging in the Assessment of Response to Treatment
1.3 Multidisciplinary Oncology Teams
1.4 The Structured Report
2: Overview of Imaging Modalities in Oncology
2.1 Tomosynthesis: With Specific Application in Lung and Breast Cancer
2.2 Ultrasound and CEUS in Oncologic Imaging
2.3 Computed Tomography
2.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.5 Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
2.5.1 PET/CT System Design
2.5.2 Physics and Instrumentation
2.5.3 Advances in Total-Body PET Systems
2.5.4 PET/CT in Oncology
2.6 Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.6.1 PET/MRI System Design
2.6.2 Physics and Instrumentation
2.6.3 Advances in PET/MRI
2.6.4 PET/MRI in Oncology
References
3: Overview of Current Image-Guided Therapies in Oncology
3.1 Trans-Arterial Therapies
3.1.1 Kidney
3.1.2 Hypervascular Bone Lesions
3.2 Percutaneous Therapies
3.2.1 Lung
3.2.2 Pancreas
3.2.3 Prostate
3.2.4 Other Applications
3.2.4.1 Pain Management
3.2.4.2 Treatment of Vascular Complications
3.2.4.3 Urologic Interventions
3.3 Conclusions
References
4: Head and Neck Tumors
4.1 Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas (NPC)
4.2 Salivary Gland Tumors
4.3 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinus Tumors
4.4 Oral Cavity
4.5 Oropharynx
4.5.1 Base of the Tongue Carcinoma
4.5.2 Tonsillar Carcinoma
4.5.3 Soft Palate
4.6 Hypopharynx
4.7 Laryngeal Tumors
References
5: Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancer
5.1 Session 5.1: Brief Disease Overview
5.1.1 Staging System
5.1.2 Brief Summary of Treatment Options
5.1.3 Conclusions
5.2 Session 5.2: Multimodality Imaging
5.2.1 Screening
5.2.2 Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer
5.2.2.1 The Role of Ultrasound
5.2.2.2 The Role of Molecular Imaging in Cytologically Indeterminate Nodules
99mTc-sestaMIBI Thyroid Scintigraphy
5.2.2.3 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
5.2.3 Diagnosis of Parathyroid Adenoma and Cancer
5.2.3.1 Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
5.2.3.2 Molecular Imaging Procedures
5.2.4 Multimodality Imaging in Disease Staging
5.2.4.1 Ultrasound and Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration
5.2.4.2 Cross-Sectional Morphological Imaging
5.2.4.3 Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging: Post-Operative Staging
Post-Therapy Whole-Body Scintigraphy (pT-WBS)
Diagnostic Whole-Body Scintigraphy (Dx-WBS)
Positron Emission Tomography
5.2.5 Multimodality Imaging-Guided Therapy
5.2.5.1 Ultrasound-Guided Therapy
5.2.5.2 Imaging and Radioiodine Dosimetry
5.2.5.3 Positron Emission Tomography-Guided Therapy
5.2.6 Multimodality Imaging in Disease Recurrence, Treatment Assessment, and Monitoring
5.2.6.1 Ultrasound
5.2.6.2 Molecular and Hybrid Imaging
5.2.6.3 Positron Emission Tomography
Follicular Thyroid Cell-Derived Tumors
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
5.2.7 Multimodality Imaging as Prognostic Factor
5.2.8 Conclusions
5.3 Conclusions
References
6: Breast Cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Techniques
6.2.1 DM, DBT, and Galactography
6.2.2 Ultrasonography
6.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.2.4 Contrast-Enhanced Mammography
6.3 Screening
6.3.1 Screening Women at Average and Intermediate Risk and the “Breast Density Issue”
6.3.2 Screening Women at High Risk
6.4 Clinical Diagnostics and Screening Recalls
6.4.1 Screening Recalls
6.4.2 Symptomatic Patients
6.4.3 Special Settings
6.4.3.1 Assessing the Axilla
6.4.3.2 Ipsilateral and Contralateral Breast Staging Before Surgery
6.4.3.3 Neoadjuvant Treatment Response Assessment
6.4.3.4 Occult Primary Breast Cancer
6.4.3.5 Nipple Discharge
6.4.3.6 Problem-Solving Imaging
6.4.3.7 Breast Implants and Reconstruction
6.5 A Common Language: BI-RADS
6.6 Image-Guided Tissue Sampling
6.7 Future Directions
References
7: Lung and Mediastinal Cancer
7.1 Introduction and Epidemiology
7.2 Multimodality Imaging and Staging
7.2.1 Lung Cancer
7.2.1.1 Morphological Imaging and Staging
7.2.1.2 Functional Imaging and Staging
7.2.2 Mediastinal Neoplasms
7.2.2.1 Morphological Imaging
Anterior Mediastinum/Prevascular Compartment
Middle Mediastinum/Visceral Compartment
Posterior Mediastinum/Paravertebral Compartment
7.2.2.2 Functional Imaging
7.3 Multidisciplinary Approach to Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment
7.3.1 Diagnostic Options
7.3.1.1 Percutaneous Biopsy
Imaging Guidance
Biopsy Needles
Procedure
7.3.1.2 Bronchoscopy
7.3.1.3 Liquid Biopsy
7.3.1.4 Surgical Biopsy
7.3.2 Indication to Interventional Treatment and Treatment Options
7.3.2.1 Radiofrequency Ablation
7.3.2.2 Microwave Ablation
7.3.2.3 Cryoablation
7.3.3 New Perspectives of Interventional Treatment
7.3.3.1 Bronchial Artery Infusion
7.3.3.2 Trans-Pulmonary Chemoembolization
7.3.3.3 Isolated Lung Perfusion
7.3.3.4 Lung Suffusion
7.3.3.5 Cryoablation and Immunotherapy
7.4 Follow-Up After Interventional Treatment
7.4.1 Timing
7.4.2 Morphological Imaging
7.4.2.1 Early Phase
7.4.2.2 Intermediate Phase
7.4.2.3 Late Phase
7.4.3 Functional Imaging
7.5 Conclusions
References
8: Liver and Biliary Cancer
8.1 Session 8.1: Hepatocellular Carcinoma
8.1.1 Staging and Classification Systems
8.1.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.1.3 Treatment Options
8.1.4 Conclusions
8.2 Session 8.2: Cholangiocarcinoma
8.2.1 Staging and Classification Systems
8.2.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.2.3 Treatment Options
8.2.4 Conclusions
8.3 Session 8.3: Combined Hepatocellular-Cholangiocarcinoma
8.3.1 Staging System
8.3.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.3.3 Treatment Options
8.3.4 Conclusions
8.4 Session 8.4: Gallbladder Carcinoma
8.4.1 Staging System
8.4.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.4.3 Treatment Options
8.4.4 Conclusions
8.5 Session 8.5: Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm
8.5.1 Staging System
8.5.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.5.3 Treatment Options
8.5.4 Conclusions
8.6 Session 8.6: Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
8.6.1 Classification System
8.6.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.6.3 Treatment Options
8.6.4 Conclusions
8.7 Session 8.7: Hepatic Angiosarcoma
8.7.1 Staging System
8.7.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.7.3 Treatment Options
8.7.4 Conclusions
8.8 Session 8.8: Hepatic Lymphoma
8.8.1 Staging System
8.8.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.8.3 Treatment Options
8.8.4 Conclusions
8.9 Session 8.9: Metastases
8.9.1 Staging System
8.9.2 Multimodality Imaging Features
8.9.3 Treatment Options
8.9.4 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
9: Liver Cancer Interventions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Percutaneous
9.2.1 Introduction
9.2.1.1 Biopsies
Indications
Technique (Materials)
Results
Complication
9.2.1.2 Ablations
Indications
9.2.1.3 Technique (Materials)
Results
Complications
9.2.1.4 PTBD
Indications
Technique (Materials)
Results
Complications
9.3 Endovascular
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.1.1 TACE
Indications
Technique (Materials)
Results
Complications
9.3.1.2 Tare
Indications
Technique (Materials)
Results
Complications
9.3.1.3 Portal-Embolization
Indications
Technique (Materials)
Results
Complications
References
10: Pancreatic Cancer
10.1 Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
10.1.1 Introduction
10.1.2 Pathology
10.1.3 Clinical Presentation
10.1.4 Imaging Features
10.1.4.1 Ultrasound
10.1.4.2 Endoscopic Ultrasound
10.1.4.3 Computed Tomography
10.1.4.4 Magnetic Resonance
10.1.4.5 Positron Emission Tomography
10.1.5 Indirect Signs of Pancreatic Neoplasm
10.1.6 Atypical Imaging Findings and Limitations
10.1.7 Staging of PDACs
10.1.8 Imaging Challenges
10.1.8.1 Post-Treatment Restaging
10.1.8.2 Recurrence After Resection
10.1.9 Pitfalls
10.1.10 Differential Diagnosis
10.2 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Clinical Presentation
10.2.3 Pathology
10.2.3.1 Differentiation
10.2.3.2 Grade
10.2.4 Imaging Features
10.2.4.1 Ultrasonography (US)
10.2.4.2 Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)
10.2.4.3 Computed Tomography (CT)
10.2.4.4 Magnetic Resonance (MR)
10.2.4.5 Scintigraphy
10.2.4.6 Ga-68-Somatostatin Analog-PET/TC
10.2.4.7 Positron Emission Tomography with 2-(Fluorine-18) Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose (PET-FDG)
10.2.5 Differential Diagnosis
10.2.6 Staging
10.2.7 Treatment
10.2.8 Imaging Guided Procedures
10.2.8.1 Invasive Pancreatic Lesion Diagnosis
10.2.8.2 Therapeutic Procedures
10.2.9 Treatment of Biliary Obstruction
References
11: Upper GI Tract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Endoscopy
11.3 Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)
11.4 Computed Tomography (CT)
11.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
11.6 Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT)
11.7 Radiomics and AI
References
12: Small Bowel and Colon Cancer
12.1 Session 12.1: Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma—Brief Disease Overview
12.1.1 Staging System
12.1.2 Brief Summary of Treatment Options
12.1.3 Conclusions
12.2 Session 12.2: Multimodality Imaging (MM)
12.2.1 MM in Disease Staging
12.2.1.1 T Staging
12.2.1.2 N and M Staging
12.2.2 MM Imaging in Guided Treatment Assessment and Patients Monitoring
12.2.3 Conclusions
12.3 Session 12.3: Future Development in Small Bowel Cancer
12.3.1 Conclusions
12.4 Session 12.4: Colon Cancer—Brief Disease Overview
12.4.1 Staging System
12.4.2 Brief Summary of Treatment Options
12.4.3 Conclusions
12.5 Session 12.5: Multimodality Imaging
12.5.1 Screening
12.5.2 MM in Disease Staging
12.5.2.1 T Staging
12.5.2.2 N Staging
12.5.2.3 M Staging
12.5.3 MM Imaging in Guided Treatment Assessment and Patients’ Monitoring
12.5.4 Conclusions
12.6 Session 12.6: Future Development in Colon Cancer
12.6.1 Conclusions
References
13: Rectal Adenocarcinoma
13.1 Brief Disease Overview
13.1.1 Staging System
13.1.2 Brief Summary of Treatment Options
13.1.3 Conclusions
13.2 Multimodality Imaging
13.2.1 Rectal MRI Technique
13.2.2 Anatomical Definitions
13.2.3 Rectal MRI for Primary Staging
13.2.3.1 Tumor Location
13.2.3.2 Tumor Morphology
13.2.3.3 T-Staging
13.2.3.4 Sphincter Status
13.2.3.5 Presence of Extramural Vascular Invasion (EMVI)
13.2.3.6 Circumferential Resection Margin (CRM) Status
13.2.3.7 N-Staging
13.2.4 Rectal MRI for Restaging
13.2.4.1 Tumor Morphology
13.2.4.2 Tumor Regression Grade (TRG)
13.2.4.3 N-Staging
13.2.5 Rectal MRI for Local Recurrence
13.2.6 Conclusions
13.3 Future Development
13.3.1 Conclusions
References
14: Multimodality Imaging in the Study of the Urinary Tract
14.1 Renal Cancer
14.2 Benign Tumors
14.2.1 Angiomyolipoma
14.2.2 Oncocytoma
14.2.3 Multilocular Cystic Nephroma
14.3 Malignant Tumors
14.3.1 Ultrasound (US)
14.3.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
14.3.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
14.3.4 Bone Scintigraphy
14.3.5 PET/CT
14.4 Urothelial Tumors
14.4.1 Ultrasound
14.4.2 Computed Tomography
14.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
14.4.4 PET/CT
14.4.5 Future Trends
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
References
15: Prostate Cancer
15.1 Disease Overview
15.2 Overview of Available Imaging Modalities
15.2.1 Introduction
15.2.2 Imaging
15.2.2.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
15.2.2.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
15.2.2.3 Bone Scintigraphy (BS)
15.2.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
15.2.3.1 PET Tracers for Cell Metabolism
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
Choline
11C-acetate
15.2.3.2 Amino Acid-Based Radiotracers
Amino Acid Transporter Targeting
Glutamic Acid/Cystine Transporter (SLC7A11 or xC–) Targeting
15.2.3.3 PET Tracers for Receptors and Membrane Proteins
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)
18F-Fluorodihydrotestosterone (18F-FDHT)
Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Recepto: Bombesin
15.2.3.4 PET Tracers for the Bone Matrix
18F-sodium Fluoride (18F-NaF)
15.2.4 PET-MRI
15.3 Overview of Potential Imaging Indications for Different Stages of Disease
15.3.1 Multimodality Imaging for Primary Staging
15.3.1.1 T staging
15.3.1.2 N staging
15.3.1.3 M staging
15.3.2 Multimodality Imaging for Biochemical Recurrence
15.3.3 Multimodality Imaging for Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer
15.3.3.1 Determination of Tumour Burden
15.3.3.2 Triage for Radioligand Therapy
15.3.3.3 Response Assessment
References
Further Reading
16: Testis
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Multiparametric US
16.3 Contrast-CT Scanning (CETC)
16.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
16.5 Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours
16.6 Testicular Stromal Tumours
16.7 Other Testicular Neoplasms
16.8 Secondary Tumours
16.9 Differential Diagnosis
16.10 Burned-Out Tumours
16.11 The Heterogeneous Testis
16.12 Primary Extragonadal Germ-Cell Tumours
16.13 The Small, Incidentally Detected Indeterminate Testicular Mass
16.14 Extratesticular Masses
16.15 Lesions of the Scrotal Wall
16.16 Conclusion
References
17: Uterus and Ovarian Imaging
17.1 Ovarian Cancer
17.1.1 Epidemiology, Pathology and Risk Factors
17.1.2 Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer
17.1.3 Staging and Prediction of Resectability of Ovarian Cancer
17.1.4 Follow-Up and Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
17.2 Endometrial Cancer
17.2.1 Epidemiology, Pathology and Risk Factors
17.2.2 Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer
17.2.3 Endometrial Cancer Staging
17.2.3.1 MR Imaging Findings According to the Stage of Endometrial Cancer
17.2.4 Follow-Up and Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma
17.3 Cervical Cancer
17.3.1 Epidemiology, Pathology and Risk Factors
17.3.2 Role of Imaging in Assessing Cervical Cancer
17.3.3 Cervical Cancer Staging
17.3.4 Follow-Up and Recurrent Cervical Carcinoma
17.4 Conclusion
References
18: Bone and Soft Tissues
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bone Tumors
18.2.1 Benign Bone Tumors
18.2.1.1 Hemangioma
18.2.1.2 Enchondroma
18.2.1.3 Non-ossifying Fibroma
18.2.1.4 Giant Cell Tumor
18.2.1.5 Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
18.2.1.6 Osteoid Osteoma (OO)/Osteoblastoma
18.2.2 Malignant Bone Tumors
18.2.2.1 Metastases
18.2.2.2 Lymphoma
18.2.2.3 Osteosarcoma
18.2.2.4 Ewing Sarcoma
18.2.2.5 Chordoma
18.2.2.6 Chondrosarcoma
18.3 Soft Tissue Tumors
18.3.1 Lipomatous Tumors
18.3.2 Fibrohistiocytic and Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic Tumors
18.3.3 Vascular Tumors
18.3.4 Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
18.4 Interventional Procedures
18.4.1 Biopsy
18.4.2 Ablation Procedure
18.4.3 Bone Consolidation
References
19: Neuroendocrine Neoplasm Imaging and Image-Guided Therapies
19.1 Summary of Disease
19.2 Staging System
19.3 Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs)
19.4 Diagnostic Imaging
19.5 Somatostatin Receptor (SSTR) Imaging
19.5.1 111In-Pentetreotide Scintigraphy
19.5.2 68Ga-DOTA-Peptides PET/CT
19.6 Neuroamine Uptake Imaging
19.6.1 F-DOPA PET/CT
19.6.2 [18F]FDG PET
19.7 Response Evaluation
19.8 Summary of Treatment Options
19.9 Systemic Therapy
19.10 Locoregional Therapies
19.10.1 Radiolabelled Peptides
19.11 Future Perspectives
19.11.1 Diagnostic Imaging
19.11.2 Systemic Therapy
19.11.3 Gene Sequencing
19.11.4 PRRT
References
20: Hematologic Cancers
20.1 Lymphomas
20.1.1 Overview of Lymphomas
20.1.1.1 Hodgkin Lymphoma
Follow-Up After Therapy
20.1.2 Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
20.1.2.1 B-Cell Lymphomas
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)
Follicular Lymphoma (FL)
Mantle Cell Lymphomas (MCL)
Marginal Zone Lymphomas (MZL)
Burkitt Lymphoma (BL)
20.1.2.2 T-Cell and Natural Killer (NK) Lymphomas
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified (PTCL-NOS)
20.1.2.3 Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas (ALCL)
20.2 Multimodality Imaging in Lymphoma
20.2.1 Overview of Multimodality Imaging in Lymphomas
20.2.2 A Brief History of Imaging in Lymphoma
20.2.3 Ultrasound
20.2.4 Computed Tomography
20.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
20.2.5.1 Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging (WB-MRI)
20.2.5.2 MRI in Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphomas
20.2.6 2-[18F]-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography
20.2.6.1 Detection and Histologic Grading of Lymphoma
20.2.7 [18F]FDG PET for Initial Staging of Lymphoma
20.2.8 PET for Assessing Response to Treatment
20.2.9 Posttherapy Response Assessment by [18F]FDG PET and PET/CT
20.2.10 Interpretation of Interim Therapy PET Scans
20.2.11 Interim PET and Risk-Adapted Therapy
20.2.12 Treatment Response After Immunotherapy
20.2.13 Surveillance PET for Lymphoma
20.3 Multiple Myeloma
20.3.1 Overview of the Disease
20.4 Multimodality Imaging in Lymphoma
20.4.1 Overview of Imaging Modalities in MM
20.4.2 Standard Skeletal Survey (SSS)
20.4.3 Other Imaging Techniques
20.4.4 Whole-Body Multidetector Computed Tomography (WB-MDCT)
20.4.5 Dual-Energy CT (DECT)
20.4.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
20.4.6.1 Nuclear Imaging Procedures
Bone Scintigraphy with 99mTc-Labeled Diphosphonate
20.4.6.2 Other Radiopharmaceuticals for Scintigraphy
20.4.7 [18F]FDG PET/CT and PET/MRI
20.4.8 Whole-Body Hybrid PET/MRI
20.4.9 Assessing Response to Treatment
References
21: Multimodality Imaging of Pediatrics Tumors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Multimodality Imaging of Pediatric Tumors in the Central Nervous System
21.2.1 Pediatric Gliomas
21.2.1.1 Low-Grade Gliomas
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
Diffuse Low-Grade Pediatric Gliomas
Imaging Characteristics: Diffuse Astrocytomas
21.2.1.2 High-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27-Altered
Diffuse Hemispheric Glioma; H3 G34-Mutant
21.2.2 Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal-Glial Tumors
21.2.2.1 Ganglioglioma
21.2.2.2 Lhermitte-Duclos Disease or Dysplastic Cerebellar Gangliocytoma
21.2.2.3 Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor
Imaging Characteristics
21.2.2.4 Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Astrocytoma
Imaging Characteristics
21.2.3 Embryonal Tumors
21.2.3.1 Medulloblastoma
21.2.3.2 Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor (AT/RT)
21.2.4 Ependymal Tumors
21.2.5 Choroid Plexus Tumors
21.3 Pediatric Musculoskeletal Bone and Soft-Tissue Tumors
21.3.1 Bone Tumors: A Brief Guide to Differential Diagnosis
21.3.1.1 Benign Bone Tumors
21.3.1.2 Malignant Bone Tumors
21.3.2 Pediatric Tumors of the Soft Tissues
21.4 Abdominal Tumors in the Pediatric Patient: Hepatoblastoma, Wilms Tumor, and Neuroblastoma
21.4.1 Hepatoblastoma
21.4.2 Wilms Tumor
21.4.3 Neuroblastoma
21.5 Pediatric Lymphoma
21.5.1 Hodgkin Lymphoma
21.5.2 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
References
22: Imaging Biomarkers in Oncology
22.1 Overview of Imaging Biomarkers
22.2 Image Preparation
22.2.1 Image Denoising
22.2.2 Image Normalization and Spatial Resampling
22.2.3 Image Registration
22.2.4 Tissue Segmentation
22.3 Radiomics Features in Oncologic Imaging
22.4 Dynamic Parameters in Oncologic Imaging
22.4.1 MR Diffusion Metrics
22.4.2 MR Vascular Metrics
22.5 Imaging Biomarkers and Radiogenomics
22.6 Imaging Biomarkers Accuracy, Precision and Validation
22.7 Imaging Biomarkers and Artificial Intelligence in the Oncologic Pipeline
22.8 Imaging Biomarkers in Clinical Trials
References
23: Radiomics: Principles and Applications in Oncology
23.1 Radiomics Definition and Principles
23.1.1 Acquisition and Dataset Building
23.1.2 Segmentation
23.1.3 Pre-processing
23.1.4 Feature Extraction
23.1.5 Feature Selection
23.1.6 Correlation to the Parameter of Interest
23.1.7 Validation
23.1.8 Radiomics and Deep Learning
23.2 Applications in Oncology
23.2.1 Diagnosis
23.2.2 Tumor Staging
23.2.3 Prognosis
23.2.4 Molecular and Genomic Subtyping
23.2.5 Treatment Response Prediction
23.2.6 Treatment Response Assessment
23.3 Challenges
23.3.1 Standardisation of the Radiomics Process and Reporting
23.3.2 Standardisation of Acquisition or Images
23.3.3 Interpretability of Radiomics Signatures
23.4 Conclusions
References
24: Artificial Intelligence in Oncologic Imaging
24.1 Introduction
24.2 AI in Medical Imaging: The Principles
24.3 Technical Limitations and Pitfalls
24.4 AI in Clinical Care
24.5 AI in Oncologic Imaging: Clinical Application
24.5.1 Organ Segmentation and Characterization
24.5.2 Lesion Detection, Annotation, Segmentation and Characterization
24.5.2.1 Lesion Detection and Annotation
24.5.2.2 Lesion Segmentation and Characterization
24.5.3 Prognosis and Prediction of the Response to Treatment
24.6 Conclusion
References