MR Imaging of the Fetus

✍ Scribed by R. Rajeswaran

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 186
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents the anatomy and MRI features of the normal fetus and describes the anomalies of each system in a systematic way. The normal fetal brain at different gestational ages is also extensively illustrated. It features a treasure of MR images illustrating several clinical conditions. Sonographic images, line diagrams and post-natal images are supplemented for easy learning. It also addresses the differential diagnoses and prognostic indicators of the various fetal anomalies.

This book will help the consultants and postgraduates of radiology, obstetrics, fetal medicine and pediatrics in understanding various fetal anomalies and in patient counseling.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Abbreviations
1: Introduction and Indications for Fetal MRI
1.1 Safety of Fetal MRI
1.1.1 Static Magnetic Fields
1.1.2 Radiofrequency (RF) Fields
1.1.3 Time-Varying Magnetic Fields
1.2 Contrast Agents During Pregnancy
1.3 Indications for Fetal MR Examination
1.3.1 Confirmation of Inconclusive Sonographic Findings
1.3.2 To Obtain Additional Information/Detect Associated Anomalies or Confirm that the Anomaly Is Isolated
1.3.3 Fetus with High Risk for Anomalies Though Sonography Is Normal
1.3.4 Technical Difficulty While Performing US
1.3.5 Placental Conditions
1.4 Timing of MRI Scan
1.5 Contraindications
References
2: Fetal MR Examination Technique
2.1 The Basic Sequences for Fetal Imaging
2.2 Fetal Imaging at 18–20 Weeks
2.3 Fetal Volumetry
2.4 Dynamic Imaging
2.5 Artifacts While Imaging the Fetus [21–23]
2.6 Imaging at 3 Tesla MRI
2.7 MR Spectroscopy
2.8 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
2.9 Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging
References
3: Embryology and Normal Appearance of Fetal Central Nervous System
3.1 Normal Development of the CNS
3.1.1 Induction
3.1.2 Dorsal Induction
3.1.3 Ventral Induction
3.1.4 Proliferation, Migration, and Organization
3.2 The Normal Fetal Brain on MRI
3.3 The Normal Fetal Spine on MRI
References
4: Midline Brain Anomalies I: Anomalies of Septum Pellucidum and Corpus Callosum
4.1 Anomalies of Septum Pellucidum
4.1.1 Absent Septum Pellucidum
4.1.2 Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD)
4.1.3 Narrow CSP
4.1.4 Enlarged CSP
4.1.5 Cyst of Cavum Septi Pellucidi
4.1.6 Cavum Vergae and Cavum Vergae Cyst
4.1.7 Cavum Veli Interpositi (CVI) and Cyst
4.2 Corpus Callosal Abnormalities (CCA)
4.2.1 Hypoplastic CC
4.2.2 Dysplastic CC
4.2.3 Hypoplastic and Dysplastic CC
4.2.4 Complete Agenesis
4.2.5 Mega Corpus Callosum (MCC)
4.2.6 CCA with Interhemispheric Cyst
4.2.7 CCA with Pericallosal Lipoma
4.2.8 Association
References
5: Midline Brain Anomalies II: Holoprosencephaly
5.1 Embryology
5.2 Aprosencephaly, Atelencephaly
5.3 Holoprosencephaly (HPE)
5.3.1 Alobar HPE
5.3.2 Semilobar HPE
5.3.3 Lobar HPE
5.3.4 Middle Interhemispheric Variant (MIH)
5.3.5 Septo Optic Dysplaia
5.3.6 Minimal HPE
5.3.7 Microform HPE
References
6: Neural Tube Defects
6.1 Cranial Neuropore Defects
6.1.1 Anencephaly
6.1.2 Encephalocele
6.2 Cranial and Caudal Neuropore Defects
6.2.1 Craniorachischisis Totalis
6.3 Caudal Neuropore Defects
6.3.1 Myeloschisis
6.3.2 Myelomeningocele (Syn—Spina Bifida Cystica)
6.3.3 Hemimyelomeningocele and Hemimyelocele
6.3.4 Chiari Malformation
6.3.5 Lipomyelomeningoceles, Lipomeningocele and Lipomyelocele
6.3.6 Meningocele
6.3.7 Myelocystocele
6.3.8 Caudal Regression Syndrome (CRS)
6.3.9 Dorsal Dermal Sinus Tract (DDS)
6.3.10 Diastematomyelia
6.3.11 Lipoma
6.3.12 Tethered Cord/Tight Filum Terminale Syndrome
6.4 Scoliosis
6.5 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT)
References
7: Ventriculomegaly
7.1 Ventriculomegaly
7.2 Aqueductal Stenosis
7.3 Ventriculomegaly Due to Infection
7.4 Approach to Mild and Moderate Ventriculomegaly
7.5 Unilateral Ventriculomegaly
References
8: Posterior Fossa Anomalies
8.1 Embryology
8.2 The MR Imaging Checklist While Examining the Posterior Fossa [6, 7]
8.3 Cystic Malformations
8.3.1 Mega Cisterna Magna
8.3.2 Blake’s Pouch Cyst (BPC)
8.3.3 Vermian Hypoplasia
8.3.4 Dandy–Walker Malformation
8.3.5 Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cyst
8.4 Hypoplasia
8.4.1 Global Cerebellar Hypoplasia
8.4.2 Unilateral Cerebellar Hypoplasia
8.4.3 Ponto-Cerebellar Hypoplasia
8.4.4 Vermian Agenesis
8.5 Dysgenesis
8.5.1 Rhombencephalosynapsis
8.5.2 Joubert Syndrome and Molar Tooth Sign Related Disorders
8.5.3 Kinked/z-Shaped Brainstem
8.5.4 Cerebellar Cortical Dysplasia
8.5.5 Ponto Tegmental Cap Dysplasia
8.6 Chiari Malformations (Fig. 8.16)
References
9: Abnormalities of Proliferation, Neuronal Migration, and Cortical Organization
9.1 Embryology
9.2 Group I: Abnormal Cell Proliferation or Apoptosis [9]
9.2.1 Microcephaly
9.2.2 Megalencephaly
9.2.3 Abnormal Proliferation: Abnormal Cell Type—Tuberous Sclerosis
9.3 Group II: Abnormal Neuronal Migration
9.3.1 Diffuse Neuronal Migration Arrest: Classical Lissencephaly (Type I)
9.3.2 Neuronal Overmigration: Cobblestone Lissencephaly (Type 2)
9.3.3 Focal Neuronal Migration Arrest: Heterotopia
9.4 Group III: Abnormal Post Migrational Development (Organization)
9.4.1 Polymicrogyria (PMG)
9.4.2 Schizencephaly
9.4.3 Cortical Dysplasia
9.5 Group IV: Inborn Errors of Metabolism
References
10: Intracranial Cysts, Tumors, and Masses
10.1 Intracranial Cysts
10.1.1 Arachnoid Cyst
10.1.2 Porencephalic Cyst
10.1.3 Choroid Plexus Cyst
10.1.4 Periventricular Pseudocysts
10.2 Vascular Abnormalities
10.2.1 Vein of Galen Malformation
10.2.2 Dural Sinus Malformation (DSM)
10.3 Tumors
10.3.1 Teratoma
10.3.2 Lipoma
References
11: Intracranial Hemorrhage, Destructive Pathologies, and Infection
11.1 Intracranial Hemorrhage
11.2 Encephalomalacia
11.3 In Utero Infections
11.3.1 Cytomegalovirus
11.3.2 Toxoplasmosis
11.3.3 Rubella
11.3.4 Human Parvovirus B19
11.3.5 Zika Virus (ZIKV)
References
12: Fetal Face and Neck Anomalies
12.1 Cleft Lip and Palate
12.2 Fetal Goiter
12.3 Cystic Hygroma
12.4 Cervical Teratoma
12.5 Abnormal Orbits
12.6 Micrognathia–Retrognathia
References
13: Fetal Thoracic Anomalies
13.1 Bronchopulmonary Anomalies
13.1.1 Pulmonary Underdevelopment
13.1.2 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations (CPAM)
13.1.3 Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS)
13.1.4 Congenital Lobar Overinflation (CLO)
13.1.5 Bronchogenic Cyst
13.1.6 Bronchial Atresia
13.2 Diaphragmatic Anomalies
13.2.1 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
13.2.2 Congenital Diaphragmatic Eventration (CDE)
13.3 Mediastinal Cysts and Masses
13.4 Pleural Effusion
13.5 Fetal Cardiovascular System
References
14: Fetal Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Wall Anomalies
14.1 Esophageal Atresia
14.2 Duodenal Atresia
14.3 Jejunal/Ileal Atresia
14.4 Colonic Atresia
14.5 Anal Atresia
14.6 Cloaca
14.7 Choledochal Cyst
14.8 Hepatic Tumors and Hemochromatosis
14.8.1 Congenital Hepatic Hemangioma
14.8.2 Mesenchymal Hepatic Hamartoma
14.8.3 Hepatoblastoma
14.8.4 Neonatal Hemochromatosis
14.9 Omphalocele
14.10 Heterotaxy
14.11 Fetal Ascites
References
15: Fetal Genito Urinary System Anomalies and Miscellaneous Conditions
15.1 Genito Urinary System Anomalies
15.1.1 Unilateral Renal Agenesis
15.1.2 Ectopic Kidney
15.1.3 Fusion Abnormality of Kidneys
15.1.4 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
15.1.5 Obstructive Uropathy
15.1.6 Mesoblastic Nephroma
15.1.7 Adrenal Neuroblastoma
15.1.8 Ovarian Cyst
15.2 Musculoskeletal System
15.3 Miscellaneous Fetal Conditions
15.3.1 Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)
15.3.2 Hydrops Fetalis
15.3.3 Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
15.3.4 Single Umbilical Artery
References
16: Placental Diseases, Ectopic Pregnancy, and Other Obstetric Applications
References