Mosby's Pharmacy Technician Exam Review

✍ Scribed by James J. Mizner

• Publisher: Elsevier
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 364
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Front matter
Mosby’s pharmacy technician exam review FOURTH EDITION
Copyright
Reviewers
Preface
Dedication
Pretest
Pharmacy technician certification examination test-taking skills
1 Medications
Drug
Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Bioequivalence
Narrow therapeutic index
Biosimilars
Pharmaceutical equivalent
Pharmaceutical alternatives
Therapeutic equivalence
Therapeutic equivalence codes
Interactions
Drug–disease interactions
Drug–drug interactions
Over-the-counter (OTC)) drug–drug interactions
Drug–dietary supplement interactions
Drug–nutrient interactions
Drug–laboratory interactions
Drug-related problems
Boxed warning
Pregnancy and lactation labeling ruling (PLLR)
Drug nomenclature
Conditions and treatments for the nervous system
Benzodiazepines
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Bipolar agents
Antipsychotic agents
Sedatives
Treatments for attention-deficit disorder (ADD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Treatments for seizure disorders—hydantoins
Treatments for seizure disorders—valproates
Treatments for seizure disorders—iminostilbenes
Treatments for seizure disorders—γ-aminobutyric acid analogs
Treatments of seizure disorders—benzodiazepines
Other broad-spectrum antiseizure drugs
Treatments for seizure disorders—barbiturates
Treatments for parkinson disease
Treatments for alzheimer disease
Multiple sclerosis agents
Treatments for migraine headaches
Selective 5-HT receptor agonists
Conditions and treatments for the cardiovascular system
Class IA antiarrhythmic agents
Class IB antiarrhythmic agents
Class 1C antiarrhythmic agents
Class II antiarrhythmic agents
Class III antiarrhythmic agents
Class IV antiarrhythmic agents
Cardiac glycosides
Lanoxin (digoxin)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
Beta blockers
Nitrates
Calcium channel blockers
Diuretics
Central nervous system agents
Peripherally acting agents
Vasodilators
Anticoagulants
Antiplatet agents
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors
Fibric acid derivatives
Bile acid sequestrants
Conditions and treatments for the urinary system
Thiazide diuretics
Loop diuretics
Potassium-sparing diuretics
α-blockers
Conditions and treatments for the respiratory system
Bronchodilators
Glucocorticoids
Leukotriene inhibitors
Mast cell stabilizers
Xanthine derivatives
Mucolytic agents
Tuberculosis agents
Smoking cessation agents
Antihistamines
Antitussives
Decongestants
Expectorants
Conditions and treatments for the endocrine system
Hypothyroid agents
Hyperthyroid agents
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Progestins
Corticosteroids
Diabetes
Injectable hypoglycemic agents
Second-generation sulfonylureas
Biguanides
α-glucosidase inhibitors:
Meglitinides
Thiazolidinerdiones
Dipeptidyld peptidase-4 inhibitors
Incretin mimetics
Amylin analogue
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2)
Conditions and treatments for the reproductive system
Oral contraceptives
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
Conditions and treatments for the digestive system
Antacids
H₂ antagonists
Proton pump inhibitors
Mucosal protectant
Antiinflammatory agents
Antidiarrheals
Laxatives
Antiemetics
Antiflatulent agents
Antiobesity agents
Conditions and treatments for the musculoskeletal system
Bisphosphonates
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
Narcotic and opioid analgesics
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Cyclooxcygenase-2 inhibitors
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Conditions and treatments for the immune system
Bacterial infections
Sulfonamides
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Cyclic lipopeptides
Oxazolidinones
Miscellaneous antibiotics
Clindamycin (cleocin)
Metronidazole (flagyl and flagyl ER)
Pentamidine (pentam)
Vancomycin (vancocin)
Fungal infections
Imidazoles and triazoles
Allylamines
Polyenes
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal agents
Griseofulvin
Antiviral agents
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Protease inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors
HIV integrase strand inhibitors
Chemokine receptor type 5 antagonists
Antiprotozoals
Antineoplastic agents
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM)
Estrogen receptor downregulators
Aromatase inhibitors
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
Progestins
Alkylating agents
Taxanes
Vinca alkaloids
Anthracyclines
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Platinum compounds
Fluoropyrimidones
Antimetabolites
Miscellaneous antineoplastics
Vaccines
Conditions and treatments for the integumentary system
Psoriasis agents
Topical corticosteroids
Vitamin D analogues
Furanocoumarins
Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors
Retinoids
Calcineurin inhibitors
Immunosuppressives
Acne vulgaris agents
Actinic keratoses agents
Conditions and treatments for the ophthalmic/otic systems
Alpha agonists
Beta blockers
Prostaglandin analogues
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Ophthalmic antibiotics
Otic agents
Agents for vertigo
Vitamins, electrolytes, and herbal medications
Vitamins
Electrolytes
Herbal medications
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications
Drug stability
Physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibilities
Factors affecting product stability
Signs of nonsterile product instability
Proper storage of medications
USP temperature definitions
Vaccine storage
USP-NF <795> beyond-use dates (BUD) for nonsterile compounded preparations
Storage of nonsterile products according to USP <795>
Storage of compounded sterile products according to USP <797>
Storage of hazardous drugs according to USP <800>
Chapter 1 review questions
Resources
2 Federal requirements
Ethics
American association of pharmacy technicians code of ethics
Preamble
Principles
Roles and responsibilities of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
Responsibilities of community pharmacy technicians
Responsibilities of institutional pharmacy technicians
Expanded responsibilities of pharmacy technicians
Tasks a pharmacy technician cannot perform
Prescribing authority
Federal laws
Pure food and drug act of 1906
Food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938 (FDCA 1938)
Adulteration
Misbranding
Manufacturer drug labeling
Over-the-counter package labeling
Durham-humphrey amendment of 1951
Kefauver-harris amendment of 1962
Poison prevention packaging act of 1970
Exceptions for child-resistant containers
Occupational safety and health act of 1970
Hazard communication standard
Safety data sheets (SDS)
Section 1: Identification
Section 2: Hazards identification
Section 3: Composition/information on ingredients
Section 4: First aid measures
Section 5: Fire-fighting measures
Section 6: Accidental release measures
Section 7: Handling and storage
Section 8: Exposure controls and personal protection
Section 9: Physical and chemical properties
Section 10: Stability and reactivity
Section 11: Toxicological factors
Drug listing act of 1972
Orphan drug act of 1983
Omnibus budget reconciliation act (OBRA) of 1990
Resource conservation and recovery act
Health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA) of 1996
HIPAA privacy rule
Other information
HIPAA security rule
HIPAA electronic health care transactions and code sets standard
Medicare prescription drug improvement and modernization act of 2003
Anabolic steroid control act of 2004
Biologics price competition and innovation (BPCI) act of 2009
Drug supply chain security act (DSCSA)
Federal requirements for nonhazardous, hazardous, and pharmaceutical substances
Handling and disposal of nonhazardous substance
Handling and disposal of hazardous substances
Hazardous drugs classification
Examples of hazardous drugs (HD)
Personnel training
Environmental quality and control
Handling of hazardous drugs
Storage of hazardous drugs and materials
Disposal of hazardous drugs
Exposure to hazardous drugs
Handling of pharmaceutical substances
Handling of hazardous waste
Types of waste
Hazardous waste characteristics
Types of hazardous waste
P- and u-list waste
Handling hazardous waste
Controlled-substance prescriptions
Dea schedules
New controlled substance prescriptions
Refill controlled substance prescriptions
Transfer controlled substances
Controlled substances
Controlled substance inventories
Ordering
Manual ordering and receipt of controlled substances
Electronic ordering and receipt of controlled substances
Receiving
Manual orders
Defective manual DEA form 222
Electronic orders
Ordering schedules III, IV, and V controlled substances
Storage of controlled substances
Controlled substances
Controlled substance prescriptions
Dispensing
Filling of controlled substances
Emergency filling of schedule II drug prescriptions
Issuance of multiple prescriptions for schedule II medications
Schedule III–V drugs
Exempt narcotics (select schedule V medications) and pseudoephedrine-containing products
Facsimile prescriptions
Labeling
Labeling of schedules II–V
Pharmacy security
Loss or theft of controlled substances
Return of controlled substances
Take-back programs
Destroying
Breakage or spillage
Reverse distribution
Retention of drug enforcement administration records
Other record retention
Fraudulent prescriptions
Types of fraudulent prescriptions
Characteristics of forged prescriptions
Signs indicating a prescription was not issued for a legitimate medical purpose
Prevention techniques for fraudulent prescriptions
Prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP)
Restricted drug programs
Ipledge
Clozapine usp orally disintegrating (ODT) patient registry
Thalomid
Pseudoephedrine
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)
Rems key points
Medication guides
Communication plan
Elements to assure safe use (ETASU)
Patient package inserts
FDA recalls
Recall classification
Pharmacy’s role in drug recalls
Recalled medication documentation
Regulatory agencies
Food and drug administration (FDA)
Drug enforcement administration (dea)
United states pharmacopeia (USP)
The joint commission (TJC)
Occupational safety and health administration (OSHA)
National institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH)
State boards of pharmacy (BOP)
National association of the boards of pharmacy (NABP)
Pharmacy references
Chapter 2 review questions
Resources
3 Patient safety and quality assurance
Patient rights of medication safety
Medication errors
Types of errors
Causes of prescription errors (as identified by medmarx)
Workplace issues that may contribute to medication errors
Addressing environmental issues
Organizations
Institute of safe medication practices (ismp)
Medications
Medications associated with a high incidence of medication errors
High-alert medications
Classes and categories of high-alert medications in acute care facilities
Specific high-alert medications in acute care facilities
Classes and categories of high-alert medications in community/ambulatory care facilities
Specific high-alert medications in community/ambulatory care facilities
Classes and categories of high-alert medications in long-term care facilities
Look-alike/sound-alike medications
Error prevention strategies
The joint commission’s goals to improve patient safety
The joint commission’s “do not use” list
Error-prone abbreviation list
Food and drug administration and institute of safe medication practices list of drug names with “tall man” letters
Institute of safe medication practices list of additional drug names with recommended “tall man” letters
Do not crush list
Examples of medications that should not be crushed
Medication therapy management (MTM)
Core elements of a medication therapy management service
Roles of the pharmacy technician in medication therapy management
Situations in which pharmacy technicians can promote medication therapy management services
Medication reconciliation
Steps in medication reconciliation
Inventory maintenance
E-prescribing
Benefits of e-prescribing
Bar code usage
Advantages of bar codes
Disadvantages of bar codes
Pharmacist intervention
Drug utilization evaluation (formerly known as drug utilization review)
Types of drug utilization evaluation (DUE)
Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults
Patient counseling
Drug adherence
Examples of patient barriers
Examples of provider barriers
Pharmacy technician tasks to assist in patient adherence
Adverse drug events
Drug interactions
Therapeutic interchange
Over-the-counter recommendations
Missed dose
Double counting narcotics
Event reporting procedures
Medical error documentation (incident reports)
Tracking medication errors
Medwatch
FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)
Vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS)
Institute of safe medication practices (ISMP)
Institute of safe medication practices reporting programs
Merp information guidelines
Medmarx
National coordinating council for medication error reporting and prevention (NCCMERP)
Near misses
Root cause analysis
Medication error reporting and prevention recommendations
Medication error reporting and prevention recommendations for verbal orders
Hygiene and cleaning standards
Infection control
Pharmacy personnel competencies and evaluations
Dress code
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipment
Environmental monitoring documentation
Equipment
Tips to prevent medication errors
Chapter 3 review questions
4 Order entry and processing
Pharmacy calculations
Roman numerals
Rules for interpreting roman numerals
Temperature conversions
Metric–household–apothecary conversion
Metric
Prefixes used in the metric system
Metric
Household system
Weight
Volume
Apothecary system
Weight
Volume
Apothecary–metric system
Units and milliequivalents
Reducing or enlarging a formula
Percentages and strength of medication
Rules
Concentration and dilution
Alligation alternate
Alligation medial
Specific gravity
Calculating doses
Calculation of children’s doses
The mg/kg method
Body surface area method
Terminology and abbreviations
Medical terminology
Pharmacy abbreviations
Medical abbreviations
Pharmacy technician tasks
Prescription filling process
Interpreting a prescription
Prescription requirements (fig. 4.2)
Required medication order information
Patient profiles
Types of prescription (medication order)
Methods of receiving a prescription
Prescription refills
Refilling a prescription
Data entry
Interpreting the prescription
Entering the prescription into the pharmacy computer system
Dispense as written (DAW) codes
Prior authorization
Third-party adjudication
Information transmitted during adjudication
Patient’s relationship to cardholder
Information contained on a prescription drug card
Coordination of benefits
Determining primary coverage
Copayments
National council for prescription drug programs (NCPDP) rejection codes
Claim adjustments
Drug utilization evaluation (review)
Filling the prescription
Packaging
Container uses
Usp classification of containers
Child-resistant containers
Labeling
Prescription label requirements (fig. 4.3)
Medication order label requirements
Sterile product label requirements
Unit dose labeling requirements
Repackaged drug labels
Manufacturer drug labels
Auxiliary labels
Patient package insert requirements
Medication guides
Patient counseling
Prescriptions
Over-the-counter recommendations
Durable medical equipment (DME)
Automated dispensing systems
Features of an automated system
Advantages and disadvantages of automated dispensing systems
Advantages and disadvantages of ambulatory care automation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Centralized and decentralized inpatient automation
Centralized automation systems
Advantages of centralized automation
Disadvantages of centralized automation
Decentralized automation systems
Advantages of decentralized automation
Disadvantages of decentralized automation
Automatic dispensing in a community system
Automatic dispensing in a hospital pharmacy
Nonautomatic dispensing systems in a hospital pharmacy
Procedures for identifying medications and supplies
Dispensable medications
Drug recall
Damaged medications
Expired medications
Nondispensable medications
Return to stock
Expired medications
Credit return
Nonreturnable medications
Reverse distribution
Nonsterile dosage forms
Solid dosage forms
Advantages of solid dosage forms
Examples of solid dosage forms
Examples of oral extended-release dosage forms
Liquid dosage forms
Advantages of liquids
Disadvantages of liquids
Transdermal products (fig. 4.7)
Compounding
Reasons to compound
Nonsterile compounding categories
Responsibilities of compounder in nonsterile compounding
Principles of compounding
Procedures to compound nonsterile products
Universal precautions (standard precautions)
Infection control
Nonsterile compounding techniques
Equipment calibration
Weighing procedures using a class III torsion balance (for examples of relevant equipment, see fig. 4.8)
Weighing procedures using an electronic scale (for an example of an electronic scale, see fig. 4.9)
Measuring liquid volumes
Preparing powders
Preparing capsules using the punch method
Preparing an emulsion using the wet gum method
Continental method (dry gum) method
Preparing emulsions using the beaker method
Preparing a liquid drug in a liquid vehicle
Dissolving a solid drug in a liquid vehicle
Preparing a nonaqueous solution
Preparing syrups
Preparing suspensions
Preparing suppositories using the fusion mold procedure
Preparing suppositories using compression mold procedure
Preparing ointments and creams
Nonsterile compounding documentation requirements
Equipment and supplies for drug administration
Chapter 4 math calculations
Chapter 4 review questions
Resources
5 Compounded sterile products
Medications
Types of injectable water
High-alert and narrow therapeutic index medications
High-alert drug classifications in acute care settings
Narrow therapeutic index (NTI) medications
Factors affecting compounded sterile preparations
Light
Temperature
pH
Containers
Concentration
Agitation
Clinical reference materials
Changes to usp <797>
Risk levels
Factors affecting the new risk classification
Differences between category 1 and category 2 compounded sterile products
Category 1 CSPs
Category 1 engineering controls
Category 1 testing
Category 2 engineering controls
Category 2 PEC changes
Urgent-use CSPS (formerly known as immediate-use CSPS)
In-use times
Factors affecting beyond-use-dating (BUDs)
Category 1 BUD
Category 2 BUDs
In-use time
Microbial limits of sterility
Location of preparation
Physical and chemical stability
Compatibility
Incompatibility
Physical incompatibility
Chemical incompatibility
Minimizing incompatibilities
Medication ingredients
Base solutions
Filters
Tubing
Facilities and equipment
Primary engineering controls
Laminar airflow workbenches (LAFW)
Class I
Class II (types A1, A2, B1, and B2) biological safety cabinets
Types of secondary engineering controls
Features of secondary engineering controls
Air pressure differentials
Iso class particle classification
Air changes per hour (ACPH)
Temperature, pressure, and humidity parameters
Environmental monitoring
Growth medium
Viable air sampling
Incubation period
Nonviable air sampling
Particle counting
Temperature
Temperature limits
Operational standards
Sterile compounding procedures
Personal training and competency assessments
Personnel training
Competency assessments
Aseptic work practice assessment and evaluation
Garbing and gloving competency evaluation
Gloved fingertip sampling
Cleaning and disinfecting competency evaluation
Surface sampling
Surface collection methods
Pharmacy calculations in sterile compounding
Dosage
Powder volume
Drip (flow) rates
Personal health and hygiene requirements
Hand hygiene procedures
Personal protective equipment (PPES)
Donning and disposing of PPES
Properties and usages of deactivating, decontamination, cleaning, and disinfecting agents
Procedures and requirements for cleaning and disinfecting compounding equipment
Cleaning a horizontal laminar flow workbench
Cleaning a vertical laminar flow workbench
Cleaning a biological safety cabinet
Principles of aseptic manipulation within a horizontal or vertical laminar airflow workbench
Critical air
First air
Zones of turbulence
Critical sites
Critical area
Cleaning critical sites of vials, ampules, and injection ports
Straight draw
Reconstituting a powder
Removing air bubbles
Using transfer needles
Withdrawing fluid from an ampule
Handling sharps containers
Record-keeping requirements
Weighing and measuring components
Volumetric analysis
Gravimetric analysis
Compounding parenteral nutrition procedures
Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN)
Specialized compounded sterile preparations
Epidurals
Dialysis solutions
Ophthalmics
Otic medications
Nasal preparations
Irrigations
Negative pressure technique
Closed system drug-transfer devices (CSDTs)
Compounding sterile preparations from nonsterile components
Sterilization methods
Signs of defective compounded sterile preparations
Sterility, potency, and endotoxin testing
Handling, packaging, storage, and disposal
Nonhazardous medications
Labeling of nonhazardous intravenous medications
Storage
Transporting
Hazardous medications
Hazardous drugs classification
Examples of hazardous drugs (HD)
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Hazard communication program
Personnel training
Training requirements
Facilities and engineering controls
Receiving HDS
Labeling HDS
Storage
Packaging, transport, and disposal
Spills
Medical surveillance
Follow-up plan
Procedures for compounding hazardous materials (HDS)
Disposal
Chapter review 5 questions
Resources
Practice examinations
CPhT practice examination I
CPhT practice examination II
CPhT practice examination III
CPhT practice examination IV
CPhT practice examination V
ExCPT practice examination I
ExCPT practice examination II
CSPT practice examination I
CSPT practice examination II
APPENDIX A Certification examination information
Pharmacy technician certification examination (PTCE)
Pharmacy technician certification examination (PTCE) blueprint
The exam for the certification of pharmacy technicians (ExCPT)
Compounded sterile preparation technician (CSPT™) examination
Compounded sterile preparation technician (CSPT™) content
APPENDIX B Drug nomenclature: Stems used by the U.S. adopted names council
APPENDIX C Top 200 prescribed medications (based on filled prescriptions)ª
APPENDIX D Common over-the-counter products
APPENDIX E Institute for safe medication practices list of error-prone abbreviations, symbols, and dose designations
APPENDIX F Medical root words, suffixes, and prefixes
APPENDIX G Pharmaceutical abbreviations
APPENDIX H Medical abbreviations
Answers and rationales
Pretest answers
Practice examination I answers
Practice examination II answers
Practice examination III answers
Practice examination IV answers
Practice examination V answers
Nha examination I answers
Nha examination II answers
Cspt examination I answers
Cspt examination II answers
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z