Mosby’s® Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference

✍ Scribed by Kathleen Deska Pagana PhD RN, Timothy J. Pagana MD FACS, Theresa Noel Pagana MD FAAEM

Publisher: Mosby
Year: 2020
Tongue: English
Leaves: 1095
Edition: 15
Category: Library

No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.

✦ Synopsis

Known for its accuracy and easy-to-use format, Mosby’s Diagnostic & Laboratory Test Reference 15th Edition is your one-stop source for all the latest testing information needed in clinicals, class, and professional practice. Across the reference, tests are organized alphabetically and include vital information such as alternate or abbreviated test names, test explanation, normal and abnormal findings, possible critical values, and guidelines to patient care before, during, and after the test. This fifteenth edition also includes nine new tests as well as the latest research surrounding each test included in the reference. As with previous editions, every test entry begins on a new page and all tests are cross-referenced throughout the book to simplify lookup. And with the book’s compact size, durable cover, and practical A-to-Z thumb tabs, this market-leading reference is the ideal choice for anyone wanting quick and easy access to the very latest diagnostic and lab tests used in nursing practice today.

Alphabetical organization and A-to-Z thumb tabs makes finding the right information quick and easy.
Normal findings for adult, elderly, and pediatric patients are included where applicable to provide complete clinical data.
Abnormal findings are highlighted with directional arrows.
Possible critical values are highlighted to alert students to situations requiring immediate intervention.
Drug-related interfering factors are identified with icons to alert students to the effects of pharmacologic agents on tests.
User’s Guide to Test Preparation and Performance provides an overview and guidelines for each type of laboratory test and diagnostic procedure to ensure safety and accuracy.
Common Reference Ranges for males and females, along with Routine Blood and Urine Testing information are located on the front endsheets for easy reference.
Related tests are cross-referenced making them easy to find.
Tests listed by body system and test type in an appendix enables students to quickly locate related studies.
Abbreviations for tests are provided on the endsheets, and symbols and units of measurement are listed in an appendix.
Streamlined format with each test entry beginning on a new page further simplifies navigation.
Patient teaching-related care is identified with icons to indicate information that should be shared with patients and their families.
Durable cover helps prevent the book from being damaged.

NEW! Nine new test entries

NEW! New content reflects the latest research on the diagnostic values of results, accuracy of testing, and patient care and education for each test.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Inside Front cover
Mosby’s® Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference
Copyright
Dedication
reviewers
preface
contents
list of figures
user’s guide to test preparation and procedures
A
acetylcholine receptor antibody panel (AChR Ab, Anti–AChR antibody)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
acid phosphatase (Prostatic acid phosphatase [PAP], Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
activated clotting time (ACT, Activated coagulation time)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Corticotropin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test with cosyntropin (ACTH stimulation test, Cortisol stimulation test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test with metyrapone (ACTH stimulation test with metyrapone, Metyrapone test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
adrenal steroid precursors (Androstenediones [AD], Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA S] ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
age-related macular degeneration risk analysis (ARMD risk analysis, Y402H, and A69S)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
alanine aminotransferase (ALT, formerly Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase [SGPT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
aldolase
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
aldosterone
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
allergy blood testing (IgE antibody test, Radioallergosorbent test [RAST])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
allergy skin testing
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT, AAT, Alpha1-antitrypsin phenotyping)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
alpha defensin test (Synovasure)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, a1-Fetoprotein)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
aluminum
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
amino acid profiles (Amino acid screen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ammonia level
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
amniocentesis (Amniotic fluid analysis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
amylase
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
amyloid beta protein precursor, soluble (sBPP, APP, and Tau protein)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
angiotensin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme [SACE])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anion gap (AG, R factor)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL antibodies, ACA, Antiphospholipid antibodies, Lupus anticoagulant)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anticentromere antibody test (Centromere antibody)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antichromatin antibody test (Antinucleosome antibody [anti-NCS], Antihistone antibody test [anti-HST, AHA])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, CCP IgG anti-CCP) and anti-mutated citr ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anti-DNA antibody test (Anti–deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies, Antibody to double-stranded DNA, Anti–double-stranded DNA, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiextractable nuclear antigens (Anti-ENAs, Antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens, Antihistidyl transfer synthase ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antifactor Xa (Anti-Xa)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies (Anti-GBM antibody, AGBM, Glomerular basement antibody, Goodpasture antibody ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiglycan antibodies (Crohn disease prognostic panel, Multiple sclerosis antibody panel)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiliver/kidney microsomal type 1 antibodies (Anti-LKM-1 antibodies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antimyocardial antibody
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiparietal cell antibody (APCA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anti-PM/Scl-75 and anti-PM/Scl-100 antibodies (PM/Scl-75 and PM/Scl-100 antibodies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antiscleroderma antibody (Scl-70 antibody, Anti-topoisomerase I, Scleroderma antibody, RNA polymerase III antibody)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antismooth muscle antibody (ASMA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antispermatozoal antibody (Sperm agglutination and inhibition, Sperm antibodies, Antisperm antibodies, Infertility screen ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
anti–SS-A (RO), anti–SS-B (LA), and anti–SS-C antibodies (Anti-Ro, Anti-La, Sjögren antibodies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
antithrombin activity and antigen assay (Antithrombin III [AT-III] activity/assay, Functional antithrombin III assay, Hep ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Test results and clinical significance
antithyroglobulin antibody (Thyroid autoantibody, Thyroid antithyroglobulin antibody, Thyroglobulin antibody)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
antithyroid peroxidase antibody (Anti-TPO, TPO-Ab, Antithyroid microsomal antibody, Thyroid autoantibody)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
apolipoproteins
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
apt test (Downey test, Qualitative fetal hemoglobin stool test, Stool for swallowed blood)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
arterial blood gases (ABGs, blood gases)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
arteriography (Angiography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
arthroscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
aspartate aminotransferase (AST; Formerly called serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
B
barium enema (BE, Lower GI series)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
barium swallow
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
basic metabolic profile (BMP, Chemistry panel, Chem 7, Sequential multiple analysis [SMA] 7, SMAC 7, Chemistry Screen)
Electrolytes
Kidney tests
Glucose (p. 464)
Bence Jones protein (Free kappa and lambda light chains)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
beta-hydroxybutyrate (Beta-hydroxybutyric acid)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
11 beta-prostaglandin F(2) alpha
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bile acids (Cholic acid, Chenodeoxycholic acid, Deoxycholic acid, Ursodeoxycholic acid)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bilirubin
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bioterrorism infectious agents testing
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bladder cancer markers (Bladder tumor antigen [BTA], Nuclear matrix protein 22 [NMP22])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bleeding scan (Abdominal scintigraphy, GI scintigraphy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
blood culture and sensitivity
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
blood smear (Peripheral blood smear, Red blood cell [RBC] morphology, RBC smear)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
blood typing (Blood group microarray testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
blood urea nitrogen (BUN, urea nitrogen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bone densitometry (Bone mineral content [BMC], Bone mineral density [BMD], DEXA scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bone marrow biopsy (Bone marrow examination, Bone marrow aspiration)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bone scan
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bone turnover markers (BTMs, N-telopeptide [NTx], Bone collagen equivalents [BCEs], Osteocalcin [bone G1 a protein, BGP, os ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bone x-ray
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
brain scan (Cisternogram, Cerebral blood flow, DaT scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
brain trauma indicator (BTI, Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 [UCH-L1], Glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
breast cancer tumor analysis (DNA ploidy status, S-phase fraction, Cathepsin D, HER-2 [c erbB2, neu] protein, p53 protein, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
breast ductal lavage
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
bronchoscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
C
calcitonin (Human calcitonin [HCT], Thyrocalcitonin), Procalcitonin (PCT)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
calcium (Total/ionized calcium, Ca, Serum calcium)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
caloric study (Oculovestibular reflex study)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cancer tumor markers (Tumor markers [TMs], Tumor-associated markers)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
carbon dioxide content (CO 2 content, CO 2 combining power)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
carboxyhemoglobin (COHb, Carbon monoxide)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cardiac catheterization (Coronary angiography, Ventriculography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cardiac nuclear scan (Myocardial perfusion scan, Myocardial perfusion imaging, Myocardial scan, Cardiac scan, Heart scan, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cardiac stress testing (Exercise stress testing; Nuclear stress testing; Echo stress testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
carotid artery duplex scanning (Carotid ultrasound)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cell culture drug resistance testing (CCDRT, Chemosensitivity assay, Drug response assay)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cell-free maternal DNA testing (Prenatal cell-free DNA screening, Noninvasive prenatal testing [NIPT], cell-free DNA in m ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cell surface immunophenotyping (Flow cytometry cell surface immunophenotyping, Lymphocyte immunophenotyping, AIDS T-lymph ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ceramides
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cervical biopsy (LEEP procedure, Cone biopsy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
chest x-ray (CXR)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Chlamydia
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
chloride, blood (CL)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cholesterol
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cholinesterase (CHS, Pseudocholinesterase [PChE], Cholinesterase RBC, Red blood cell cholinesterase, Acetylcholinesterase ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
chorionic villus sampling (CVS, Chorionic villus biopsy [CVB])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
chromosome karyotype (Blood chromosome analysis, Chromosome studies, Cytogenetics, Karyotype)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Clostridium difficile ( C. diff, Clostridial toxin assay)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
coagulating factors concentration (Coagulating factors, Blood-clotting factors)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cold agglutinins
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
coagulation profile (Coagulation panel)
colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, proctoscopy, anoscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Colo-rectal cancer tumor analysis (Microsatellite instability [MSI] testing, DNA mismatch repair [MMR] genetic testing, B ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
colposcopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
complement assay (Total, C3 and C4 complement)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
complete blood count and differential count (CBC and diff)
comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP, Chem 12, Chemistry panel, SMA 12 (Sequential Multiple Analysis), SMA 20
computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis (CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis, Helical/spiral CT scan of the abdomen ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography angiography (CTA, CT arteriography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Text explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography of the chest (Chest CT scan, Helical/spiral CT scan of the chest, CT of the chest)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography of the extremity (CT scan of the extremity, CT lower extremity, CT upper extremity, CT of the should ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography of the head (CT scan of the brain, Helical/spiral CT scan of the brain, CT of the head)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography of the heart (Coronary CT angiography, Coronary calcium score)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
computed tomography of the neck (CT scan of the neck)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Coombs test, direct (Direct antiglobulin test [DAT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Coombs test, indirect (Blood antibody screening, Indirect antiglobulin test [IAT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (CRH stimulation test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cortisol, blood, urine, saliva (Hydrocortisone, Serum cortisol, Salivary cortisol, Total cortisol, Free cortisol)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
C-peptide (Connecting peptide insulin, Insulin C-peptide, Proinsulin C-peptide)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
C-reactive protein test (CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], Ultra-sensitive CRP)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
creatine kinase (CK, Creatine phosphokinase [CPK])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
creatinine, blood (Serum creatinine)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
creatinine clearance (CC, Estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cryoglobulin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cystography (Cystourethrography, Voiding cystography, Voiding cystourethrography [VCUG])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cystoscopy (Endourology)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cytokines (interleukins)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and antivinculin antibodies
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
D
D-dimer (Fragment D-dimer, Fibrin degradation product [FDP], Fibrin split products)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
delta-aminolevulinic acid (Aminolevulinic acid [ALA], d-ALA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
dental x-ray (Dental radiography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
dexamethasone suppression test (DST, Prolonged/rapid DST, Cortisol suppression test, ACTH suppression test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
diabetes mellitus autoantibody panel (diabetes-associated autoantibodies, Insulin autoantibody [IAA], Islet cell antibody [ ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG in erythrocytes)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
disseminated intravascular coagulation screening (DIC screening)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Abnormal findings
drug monitoring (Therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM], drug sensitivity genotyping)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Pharmacogenetics (genotyping for drug monitoring)
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ductoscopy (Mammary ductoscopy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
E
echocardiography (Cardiac echo, Heart sonogram, Transthoracic echocardiography [TTE])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electrocardiography (Electrocardiogram [ECG, EKG])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electroencephalography (Electroencephalogram [EEG])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electromyography (EMG)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electromyography of the pelvic floor sphincter (Pelvic floor sphincter electromyography, Pelvic floor sphincter EMG, Rec ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electroneurography (ENG, Nerve conduction studies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electronystagmography (Electrooculography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
electrophysiologic study (EPS, Cardiac mapping)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
endometrial biopsy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Epstein-Barr virus testing (EBV antibody titer)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
erythrocyte fragility (Osmotic fragility [OF], Red blood cell fragility)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, Sed rate test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
erythropoietin (EPO)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
esophageal function studies (Esophageal manometry, Esophageal motility studies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, Upper gastrointestinal [UGI] endoscopy, Gastroscopy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
estrogen fractions (Estriol excretion, Estradiol, Estrone)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
estrogen receptor assay (ER assay, ERA, Estradiol receptor)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ethanol (Ethyl alcohol, Blood alcohol, Blood EtOH)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
evoked potential studies (EP studies, Evoked brain potentials, Evoked responses)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
F
factor V Leiden (FVL, Leiden factor V, Mutation analysis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
febrile antibodies (Febrile agglutinins)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fecal calprotectin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fecal fat (Fat absorption, Quantitative stool fat determination)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ferritin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal biophysical profile (Biophysical profile [BPP])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal contraction stress test (Contraction stress test [CST], Oxytocin challenge test [OCT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal fibronectin (fFN, Fibronectin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal hemoglobin (Kleihauer–Betke)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal nonstress test (Nonstress test [NST], Fetal activity determination)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetal scalp blood pH
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fetoscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fibrinogen (Factor I, Quantitative fibrinogen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fluorescein angiography (FA, Ocular photography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
folic acid (Folate)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
fungal testing (Antifungal antibodies; Beta-D-glucan,(1,3)- β -D-glucan, Fungitell, Fungal culture, Fungal antigen assay ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
G
galectin-3 (GAL-3)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gallbladder nuclear scanning (Hepatobiliary scintigraphy, Cholescintigraphy, DISIDA scanning, HIDA scanning)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gallium scan
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP, γ -GTP, Gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gastric emptying scan
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gastrin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gastroesophageal reflux scan (GE reflux scan, Aspiration scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
genetic testing (Breast cancer [ BRCA ] and ovarian cancer, Colon cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Tay–Sachs disease, Cyst ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
genomic cancer testing (Oncotype DX, Genotyping, Genomics)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
gliadin, endomysial, and tissue transglutaminase antibodies
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
glucagon
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
glucose, blood (Blood sugar, Fasting blood sugar [FBS])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
glucose, postprandial (2-Hour postprandial glucose [2-Hour PPG], 1-Hour glucose screen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
glucose tolerance test (GTT, Oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb, GHB, Glycohemoglobin, Glycolated hemoglobin, Hemoglobin [Hb A 1c ], Diabetic control index)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
growth hormone (GH, Human growth hormone [HGH], Somatotropin hormone [SH])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
growth hormone stimulation test (GH provocation test, Insulin tolerance test [ITT], Arginine test, Glucagon Stimulation t ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
H
haptoglobin
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Heinz body preparation
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Helicobacter pylori testing (Anti– Helicobacter pylori antibody, Campylobacter -like organism [CLO] test, H. pylori ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hematocrit (Hct, Packed red blood cell volume, Packed cell volume [PCV])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hemoglobin electrophoresis (Hgb electrophoresis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hepatitis virus studies
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnomal findings
herpes simplex (Herpesvirus types 1 and 2, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 [HSV 1, HSV 2], Herpes genitalis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hexosaminidase (Hexosaminidase A, Hex A, Total hexosaminidase, Hexosaminidase A and B)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
HIV drug resistance testing (HIV genotype)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
HIV RNA quantification (HIV viral load)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
HIV serologic and virologic testing (AIDS immunoassay, Acquired immunodeficiency serology, AIDS screen, Human immunodefic ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Holter monitoring
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
homocysteine (Hcy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, Pregnancy tests, hCG beta subunit)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
human lymphocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27 antigen, Human leukocyte A antigen, White blood cell antigens, Histocompatibility l ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
human papillomavirus (HPV test, HPV DNA testing, HPV Genotyping, HPV mRNA testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
human placental lactogen (hPL, Human chorionic somatomammotropin [HCS])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) I/II antibody
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OCHS)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
21-hydroxylase antibodies
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hysterosalpingography (Uterotubography, Uterosalpingography, Hysterogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
hysteroscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
I
immunoglobulin quantification
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
insulin assay
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, Somatomedin C, Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins [IGF BP])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
intrinsic factor antibody (IF ab)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
iron level and total iron-binding capacity (Fe and TIBC, Transferrin saturation, Transferrin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
K
kidney stone analysis (Urinary stone analysis, Renal calculus analysis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
L
lactic acid (Lactate)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lactoferrin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lactose tolerance test (Hydrogen breath test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Legionnaires disease antibody test
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lipase (Pancreatic lipase, Lipoprotein lipase)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2 PLAC test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lipoproteins (High-density lipoproteins [HDLs, HDL-C], Low-density lipoproteins [LDLs, LDL-C], Very-low-density lipoprote ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
liquid biopsy (Fluid biopsy, Fluid phase biopsy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
liver biopsy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
liver/spleen scanning (Liver scanning)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid examination (LP and CSF examination, Spinal tap, Cerebrospinal fluid analysis)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lung biopsy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lung cancer molecular testing (AKT1, ALK, BRAF, Epidermal growth factor [EGFR], HER2, KRAS, MEK1, MET, NRAS, PIK3CA, RET, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lung scan (Ventilation/perfusion scanning [VPS], Pulmonary scintiphotography, V/Q scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
luteinizing hormone (LH assay, Lutropin) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assay
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
lyme disease test
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
M
magnesium
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging [NMRI])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
mammography (Mammogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
marijuana (THC) test (Cannabinoid or cannabis testing, Tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
maternal screen testing (Maternal triple screen, Maternal quadruple screen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
measles rubeola antibody
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Meckel diverticulum nuclear scan
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
mediastinoscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
metal testing (lead, arsenic, mercury)
Type of test
Normal findings
Critical values for lead
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
metanephrine, plasma free (Fractionated metanephrines)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
methemoglobin (Hemoglobin M)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
methylated septin 9 DNA (mSEPT9, ColoVantage)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
microalbumin (MA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
microglobulin (Beta 2 -microglobulin [ β 2 m], Alpha-1-microglobulin, Retinol binding protein)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
mononucleosis rapid test (Mononuclear heterophil test, Heterophil antibody test, Monospot test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibodies, IgG and IgM
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
myelography (Myelogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
myoglobin
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
N
natriuretic peptides (Atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP], Brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], N-terminal fragment of pro–brain ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
neuron-specific enolase (NSE)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
neutrophil antibody screen (Granulocyte antibodies, Polymorphonucleocyte antibodies [PMN ab], Antigranulocyte antibodies, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin (NGAL, Lipocalin-2)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
newborn metabolic screening
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
nicotine and metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal finding
5 ′ -nucleotidase
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
O
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Abnormal findings
octreotide scan (Carcinoid nuclear scan, Neuroendocrine nuclear scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
osmolality, blood (Serum osmolality)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
osmolality, urine (Urine osmolality)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
oximetry (Pulse oximetry, Oxygen saturation)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
P
pancreatic elastase (PE, EL1, Elastase-1, Fecal Elastase)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pancreatic enzymes (Pancreatic secretory test, Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pancreatobiliary fish testing
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Papanicolaou smear (Pap smear, Pap test, Cytologic test for cancer, Liquid-based cervical cytology [LBCC], ThinPrep)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
paracentesis (Peritoneal fluid analysis, Ascitic fluid cytology, Peritoneal tap)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
parathyroid hormone (PTH, Parathormone)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
parathyroid scan (Parathyroid scintigraphy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Parkinson disease testing
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
partial thromboplastin time, activated (APTT, Partial thromboplastin time [PTT])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
parvovirus B19 antibody
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pepsinogen
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pericardiocentesis
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pheochromocytoma suppression and provocative testing (Clonidine suppression test [CST], Glucagon stimulation test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
phosphate (PO 4, Phosphorus [P])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
phospholipase A2 receptor antibodies (anti-pla2r)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
PI-linked antigen (Phosphatidylinositol antigen)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
placental growth factor (PGF)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
plasminogen (Fibrinolysin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
platelet aggregation test (Ristocetin test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
platelet antibody detection (Antiplatelet antibody detection)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
platelet count (Thrombocyte count)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
platelet function assay (Platelet closure time, PCT, Aspirin resistance tests, Bleeding time [BT], 11-Dehydro-thromboxane ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
platelet volume, mean (Mean platelet volume [MPV])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
plethysmography, arterial (Ankle-brachial index [ABI])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pleural biopsy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
porphyrins and porphobilinogens
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Neurology
Cardiology
Oncology
Bone
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
potassium, blood (K)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
potassium, urine (K)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
prealbumin (PAB, Thyroxine-binding prealbumin [TBPA], Thyretin, Transthyretin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pregnanediol
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
progesterone assay
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
progesterone receptor assay (PR assay, PRA, PgR)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
prolactin levels (PRLs)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ProstaScint scan (Radioimmunoscintigraphy of the prostate [RIS])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3), MI-prostate score (MiPS)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
protein (Protein electrophoresis, Immunofixation electrophoresis [IFE], Serum protein electrophoresis [SPEP], Albumin, Gl ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
protein C, protein S
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
prothrombin time (PT, Protime, International normalized ratio [INR])
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pulmonary angiography (Pulmonary arteriography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
pyelography (Intravenous pyelography [IVP], Excretory urography [EUG], Intravenous urography [IUG, IVU], Retrograde pyelo ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
R
rabies-neutralizing antibody test
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
red blood cell count (RBC count, Erythrocyte count)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
red blood cell indices (RBC indices, Blood indices)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
renal biopsy (Kidney biopsy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
renal scanning (Kidney scan, Radiorenography, Radionuclide renal imaging, Nuclear imaging of the kidney, DSMA renal scan, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
renin assay, plasma (Plasma renin activity [PRA], Plasma renin concentration [PRC])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
reticulocyte count (Retic count)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
rheumatoid factor (RF)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ribosome P antibodies (Ribosomal P Ab, Anti–ribosome P antibodies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
rubella antibody test (German measles test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
S
salivary gland nuclear imaging (Parotid gland nuclear imaging)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
semen analysis (Sperm count, Sperm examination)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB, Lymphoscintigraphy)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and chromogranin A
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sexual assault testing (rape testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sexually transmitted disease testing (STD testing)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sialography
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sickle cell screen (Sickledex, Hemoglobin [Hgb] S test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Sims-Huhner test (Postcoital test, Postcoital cervical mucus test, Cervical mucus sperm penetration test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
skin biopsy (Cutaneous immunofluorescence biopsy, Skin biopsy antibodies, Skin immunohistopathology, Direct immunofluores ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
skull x-ray
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sleep studies (Polysomnography [PSG])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
small bowel follow-through (SBF, Small bowel enema)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
small intestinal bacterial overgrowth test (SIBO test, Lactulose Breath Test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Abnormal findings
sodium (Na), blood
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sodium (Na), urine
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
spinal x-ray (Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal x-ray studies)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S, Culture and Gram stain)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sputum cytology
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
stool cancer screening (stool for occult blood, Stool for OB, Fecal occult blood test [FOBT], Fecal immunotest [FIT], DNA ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
stool culture (Stool for culture and sensitivity [C&S], Stool for ova and parasites [O&P])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
stool for leukocytes (White blood cell stool test, Fecal leukocyte stain, Stool for white cells)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Streptococcus serologic testing (Antistreptolysin O titer [ASO], Antideoxyribonuclease-B titer, [Anti-DNase-B, ADNase-B ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
substance abuse testing (Urine drug testing, Drug testing, Drug screening, Toxicology screening)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
swallowing examination (Videofluoroscopy swallowing examination)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
sweat test (sweat electrolyte test, sweat chloride test, sweat conductivity test, iontophoretic sweat test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
syphilis detection test (Serologic test for syphilis [STS], Venereal Disease Research Laboratory [VDRL], Rapid plasma rea ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
T
Normal findings
Free testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thoracentesis and pleural fluid analysis (Pleural tap)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thoracoscopy
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
throat and nose cultures
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thromboelastography (Thromboelastometry)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical value
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thrombosis indicators fibrin monomers (Fibrin degradation products [FDPs], Fibrin split products [FSPs])
fibrinopeptide A (FPA)
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroglobulin (Tg, Thyrogen-stimulated thyroglobulin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, Skinny-needle thyroid biopsy, Fine-needle aspiration [FNA])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroid scanning (Thyroid scintiscan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin, TRH stimulation test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroid-stimulating hormone stimulation test (TSH stimulation test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs, Long-acting thyroid stimulator [LATS], Thyroid-binding inhibitory immunoglobul ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test (TRH stimulation test, Thyrotropin-releasing factor stimulation test [TRF ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroxine, total and free (T 4, Thyroxine screen, FT 4)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG, Thyroid-binding globulin)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
TORCH test
total blood volume (TBV, Red blood cell [RBC] volume)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
toxoplasmosis antibody titer
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
transferrin receptor (TfR) assay
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
triglycerides (TGs)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
triiodothyronine (T 3 radioimmunoassay)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
troponins (Cardiac-specific troponin T [cTnT], Cardiac-specific troponin I [cTnI], High-sensitivity troponin [hsTnT, hs-c ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
tuberculin skin test (TST, Tuberculin test, Mantoux test, Purified protein derivative [PPD] test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
tuberculosis culture (TB culture, Acid-fast bacillus [AFB] smear)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
tuberculosis testing (TB testing, Interferon gamma release assay [IGRA, T-Spot.TB], QuantiFERON-TB Gold [QFT, QFT-G, TB G ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal finding
U
ultrasound of the abdomen (Abdominal ultrasound, Abdominal sonogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ultrasound of the breast (Breast ultrasonography, Ultrasound mammography, Breast sonogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ultrasound of the pelvis (Pelvic ultrasonography, Obstetric ultrasonography, Vaginal ultrasound)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ultrasound of the prostate/rectum (Prostate/rectal sonogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ultrasound of the testicles (US Testicles, Scrotal ultrasound, Ultrasound of testes)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
ultrasound of the thyroid (US Thyroid, Thyroid echogram, Thyroid sonogram)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
upper gastrointestinal x-ray study (Upper GI series, UGI)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
urea breath test (UBT, Helicobacter pylori breath test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
uric acid, blood, and urine
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
urinalysis (UA)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
urodynamic studies (Uroflowmetry, Urine flow studies, Cystometry, Cystometrogram [CMG], Urethral pressure profile [UPP], ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
uroporphyrinogen-1-synthase
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
V
vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Metanephrine, ...
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
varicella virus testing (Antibody testing for Varicella zoster virus, Varicella zoster virus [VZV], Herpes virus-3)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
vascular ultrasound studies (Venous Doppler ultrasound, Venous duplex scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
venography of lower extremities (Phlebography, Venography)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Potential complications
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
viral cultures
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
virus testing
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Before
During
After
Abnormal findings
vitamin B 12 (Cyanocobalamin and methylmalonic acid [MMA])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D 2 and D 3 ; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) 2 D])
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
W
white blood cell count and differential count (WBC and differential, Leukocyte count)
Type of test
Normal findings
Possible critical values
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
white blood cell scan (WBC scan, Inflammatory scan)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
wound culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
X
d -xylose absorption test (Xylose tolerance test)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Contraindications
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
Z
Zika virus (ZIKV)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Interfering factors
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP)
Type of test
Normal findings
Test explanation and related physiology
Procedure and patient care
Abnormal findings
appendix A: list of tests by body system
Cancer Studies
Cardiovascular System
Endocrine System
Gastrointestinal System
Hematologic System
Hepatobiliary System
Immunologic System
Miscellaneous Studies
Nervous System
Pulmonary System
Renal/Urologic System
Reproductive System
Skeletal System
appendix B appendix B: list of tests by type
Blood Tests
Electrodiagnostic Tests
Endoscopy
Fluid Analysis
Manometric Tests
Microscopic Examinations
Nuclear Scans
Other Studies
Sputum Tests
Stool Tests
Ultrasound Tests
Urine Tests
X-Ray Examinations
appendix C appendix C: disease and organ panels
Anemia
Arthritis
Basic metabolic panel (BMP)
Bone/joint
Cardiac injury
Coagulation screening
Coma
Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
Diabetes mellitus management
DIC
Electrolyte panel
General health
Hemolysis profile
Hepatic function panel
Hepatitis, acute
HIV
Hypertension
Lipid panel
Obstetric
Pancreatic
Parathyroid
Prenatal
Renal panel
Thyroid screening panel
TORCH antibody panel
Toxicology screening (urine)
appendix D appendix D: symbols and units of measurement
bibliography
index
abbreviations for diagnostic and laboratory tests

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