Abstract
The CDC42 regulated non‐receptor tyrosine kinase ACK‐2 has been associated with integrin signaling. In this report, the effect of ACK‐2 on the modulation of cell spreading and motility was examined. HeLa cells expressing epitope‐tagged wild type ACK‐2 showed a slower rate of spreading on fibronectin when compared with untransfected cells. An ACK‐2 protein lacking its SH3 domain was still capable of modulating HeLa cell spreading suggesting that its tyrosine kinase activity is sufficient to induce the observed phenotype. The ACK‐2 effect on the rate of cell spreading did not involve inhibition of integrin‐mediated activation of PI‐3K signaling, since it did not alter membrane translocation of a GFP‐PH‐AKT domain (AKT pleckstrin homology domain) used as a reporter for PI‐3K products induced by cell adhesion. The ACK‐2 effect appears to be upstream from the adapter protein CrkII, since co‐expression of CrkII and ACK‐2 results in a neutralization of ACK‐2 mediated effects on HeLa cell spreading. Similarly, co‐expression of p130Cas, which interacts with the adapter protein CrkII, with ACK‐2, also results in a partial reversion of the ACK‐2 effects on cell spreading. CrkII mediated reversal of the ACK‐2 induced phenotype requires the activity of the small GTPase, Rap1. Co‐expression of ACK‐2 and CrkII with a dominant negative form of Rap1 reverses the neutralization by CrkII suggesting that CrkII mediated activation of Rap1 is required. However, an active form of Rap1 is not sufficient to reverse the ACK‐2 phenotype by itself. A role for Rac1 in ACK‐2 effects was also established. An activated Rac1 protein neutralized the ACK‐2 mediated inhibition of cell spreading. A direct measurement of cell motility by either a modified Boyden chamber or wounding assay demonstrates that ACK‐2 overexpression increases the motility of the cells. These results suggest that ACK‐2 modulates HeLa cells spreading upstream of pathways regulated by CrkII and that ACK‐2 may regulate cell motility by controlling the activation of small GTPases such as Rap1 and Rac1. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 655–665, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.