Cover
About the Book
Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar
Copyright
© 2004 El-Said Badawi, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully
PJ307.G85 2002492.7'8242 .. dc21
ISBN 0415130859 (pbk)
ISBN 0415130840 (hbk)
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Introduction
Readership
Issues of definition
Principles of the book
Data, sources and principles of selection
Relationship to other works
Transliteration
Presentation
Translation
Technical matters
Arrangement and use
1 Forms
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Phonology
1.2 Orthography
1.3 Punctuation
1.4 Morphology
1.5 Inflection
1.6 Uninflected words: particles
1.7 Uninflected and partially inflected nominals
1.8 Inflected classes
1.9 Verb morphology
1.10 Derived stems
1.11 Noun patterns, deverbatives
1.12 Morphosyntactic categories: number, gender, definiteness, case, agreement
2 Noun Phrase Structure
2.0 Noun phrase, general characterization
2.1 Adjectival qualification
2.2 Apposition
2.3 Annexation
2.4 Dependent elements
2.5 Adverbs and adverbials
2.6 Prepositions
2.7 Prepositionals
2.8 Emphasizers
2.9 Nominal determiners
2.10 Verbal noun and participial phrases
2.11 Comparatives and superlatives
2.12 Cardinal numbers
2.13 Ordinal numbers
2.14 Miscellaneous numerical items
2.15 Vocatives
2.16 Exclamations
2.17 Oaths and exclamations
2.18 Negative nouns
2.19 Coordination (phrasal)
2.20 Other phrasal units
3 The Basic Sentence
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Equational sentence
3.2 Equational sentence modifiers
3.3 Topic-comment sentences
3.4 Anticipatory pronoun .amir al-ša ’n ..................
3.5 Separating pronoun .amir al-fa.l ..................
3.6 Negative equational sentences
3.7 Basic verbal sentence
3.8 Verbal agreement in number and gender
3.9 Agent emphasis
3.10 Aspect and tense
3.11 Transitivity and intransitivity
3.12 Passive verbs
3.13 Reflexive verbs
3.14 Reciprocity
3.15 Impersonal, auxiliary and modal verbs
3.16 kana ................ ‘be’
3.17 Verbs of becoming and duration
3.18 Verbs of existence
3.19 Verbs of non-existence
3.20 Verbs Denoting ‘can’, ‘be able’, ‘want’
3.21 Verbs Denoting ‘again’, ‘still’, ‘nearly’, ‘hardly’, ‘almost’
3.22 Verbs of beginning and continuing
3.23 Other compound verbs and idiomatic structures
3.24 Miscellaneous verb phrases and structures
3.25 Optatives
3.26 Energetic form and oaths
3.27 Exclamatory verbs
3.28 Exclamatory sentences with wa- .., rubba ......, kam ...., and other interrogatives
3.29 Dependent noun objects and complements
3.30 Restrictives
3.31 ’i.a ...... and’i. .... of surprise
4 Negatives
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Nominal sentences
4.2 Negatives in verbal sentences
4.3 Negative of kana ......
4.4 Prohibitions
4.5 Optatives
4.6 Exceptives
4.7 Resumptive negatives
4.8 Negative interrogative sentences
4.9 Calque ‘not only ... but also’
5 Adjectival and Relative Clauses
5.0 General principles
5.1 Relative clauses with indefinite heads
5.2 Relative clauses with definite heads
5.3 Nominal relative clauses
5.4 The Indefinite Pronouns man ........ ‘he who’ and ma .... ‘that which’
5.5 Idiomatic combinations
5.6 Further functions of relative ma ....
5.7 Idiomatic combinations of relative ma ...... with prepositionals
5.8 Quasi-compounds with relative ma .... as the secondelement
5.9 Compound subordinating conjunctions with ma .... andpreposition(al)
6 Coordinated Sentences
6.0 Introduction
6.1 Asyndetic coordination
6.2 Syndetic coordination
6.3 With fa- .... ‘and so’, ‘and then’
6.4 With .umma ....
6.5 With lakin(na) .......... ‘but’
6.6 With bal ....
6.7 With ’aw .... and ’am .... ‘or’
6.8 With ’imma ........
6.9 WITH la siyyama .............. ‘especially’
6.10 With sawa’un ... ’a, ’am, or ’aw ... ... .................................... ‘it is the same whether ... or ...’
6.11 With .atta ........ ‘even’
6.12 Negative coordinating conjunctions
7 Subordination
7.0 General principles
7.1 Classification of subordinate clauses
7.2 Nominalized and non-nominalized clauses
7.3 Circumstantial qualifiers
7.4 Final subordinate syndetic verbal clauses
7.5 ’an .... .. and ’anna ......
7.6 Further simple subordinators
7.7 Comparative subordinators
7.8 Annexation of temporal and locative adverbs to sentences
8 Conditionals
8.0 General conditional syntax
8.1 ’in ...... ‘if’
8.2 law ... la- .................. ‘if [only]’
8.3 ’i.a ...... ‘if’, ‘when’
8.4 Elliptical conditional wa-’illa ...... ‘if not’, ‘if it is not the case’
8.5 Indefinite conditionals
8.6 Concessive clauses
8.7 Conditionals in reported speech
9 Exceptives
9.0 General principles
9.1 isti.na’ mufarrag ‘Exception without antecedent’
9.2 isti.na’ mutta.il ‘continuous exception’: Positive
9.3 isti.na’ mutta.il ‘continuous exception’: Negative
9.4 Inter-Clausal ’illa ....
9.5 Other exceptive elements
10 Interrogatives, Indirect Speech
10.0 Introduction
10.1 Questions with ’a- ..
10.2 Questions with hal ....
10.3 man ........ ‘who’
10.4 ma .... ‘WHAT’
10.5 ma .... in shortened form
10.6 ’ayyu ...... ‘which?’, ‘what?’
10.7 kam ........ ‘how much?’, ‘how many?’
10.8 ’ayna ...... ‘where?’
10.9 kayfa ...... ‘how?’
10.10 mata ...... ‘when?’
10.11 ’anna ........ ‘how?’
10.12 Answers to questions
10.13 Rhetorical questions
10.14 Direct speech
10.15 Indirect speech
10.16 Indirect questions
10.17 Indirect yes-no questions
10.18 Indirect questions with man .... ,man ....,ma[.a] ............
10.19 ’i.a ...... etc. in yes–no Indirect Questions
10.20 sawa’un .......... with indirect question syntax
11 Hypersentence and Discourse
11.0 Introduction
11.1 With resumptive fa- ....
11.2 Without resumptive fa- .... with wa- .. ‘and’
11.3 wa-’illa fa- ............
11.4 Parenthetical phrases and clauses
11.5 Cohesive reiteration
11.6 Explanation (tafsir)
11.7 Issues of style
11.8 Idioms involving repetition
12 Lexicon
12.0 Introduction
12.1 Loan words
12.2 Adjectival suffix -i (nisba)
12.3 Adjectival suffix -awi
12.4 Nouns with suffix -iyya
12.5 Compound structures
12.6 Negative compound nouns and adjectives
12.7 Compound adjectives
12.8 Extension of existing verbal patterns
12.9 Morphological innovations
12.10 Plurals
12.11 Lexical innovations
12.12 Semantic changes
Glossary
Bibliography
Arabic Index
Index