Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design: A Practical Approach

✍ Scribed by R. Raut, M. N. S. Swamy

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 378
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

When intending to build electronic filters, young engineers should be aware of the fundamental principles while not getting bogged down in intricate and elaborate mathematical aspects. A presentation of the basic principles supplemented by numerical programs illustrating the design technique will fulfil these requirements.There is not much by way of competition in this area. Much of the existing competition is older and does not include many of the newer ideas present in this book, such as current mode filters.

✦ Table of Contents

Modern Analog Filter Analysis and Design: A Practical Approach......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
Abbreviations......Page 20
1 Introduction......Page 24
2.1 Transformed Impedances......Page 30
2.3 Loop (Mesh) Analysis......Page 32
2.4 Network Functions......Page 34
2.5.1 One-Port Networks......Page 35
2.5.2.1 Admittance Matrix Parameters......Page 36
2.5.2.3 Chain Parameters (Transmission Parameters)......Page 37
2.5.2.4 Interrelationships......Page 38
2.5.2.7 Some Commonly Used Nonreciprocal Two-Ports......Page 39
2.6 Indefinite Admittance Matrix......Page 41
2.6.1 Network Functions of a Multiterminal Network......Page 43
2.7 Analysis of Constrained Networks......Page 47
2.8.1 Operational Amplifier......Page 51
2.8.2 Operational Transconductance Amplifier......Page 53
2.8.3 Current Conveyor......Page 54
Practice Problems......Page 56
3.1 Impedance Scaling......Page 64
3.2 Impedance Transformation......Page 65
3.3.1 Dual and Inverse One-Port Networks......Page 67
3.3.2 Dual Two-Port Networks......Page 68
3.4 Reversed Networks......Page 70
3.5 Transposed Network......Page 71
3.6 Applications to Terminated Networks......Page 73
3.8 Types of Filters......Page 75
3.9 Magnitude Approximation......Page 77
3.9.1 Maximally Flat Magnitude (MFM) Approximation......Page 78
3.9.1.1 MFM Filter Transfer Function......Page 79
3.9.2 Chebyshev (CHEB) Magnitude Approximation......Page 83
3.9.2.1 CHEB Filter Transfer Function......Page 86
3.9.3 Elliptic (ELLIP) Magnitude Approximation......Page 88
3.9.4 Inverse-Chebyshev (ICHEB) Magnitude Approximation......Page 91
3.10.1 LP to HP Transformation......Page 92
3.10.2 LP to BP Transformation......Page 94
3.11 Phase Approximation......Page 96
3.11.2 The Case of Ideal Transmission......Page 97
3.11.3 Constant Delay (Linear Phase) Approximation......Page 98
3.11.4 Graphical Method to Determine the BT Filter Function......Page 99
3.12 Delay Equalizers......Page 100
Practice Problems......Page 101
4.1 Singly Terminated Networks......Page 106
4.2 Some Properties of Reactance Functions......Page 108
4.3 Singly Terminated Ladder Filters......Page 111
4.4 Doubly Terminated LC Ladder Realization......Page 115
Practice Problems......Page 123
5 Second-Order Active-RC Filters......Page 126
5.2 Standard Biquadratic Filters or Biquads......Page 127
5.3 Realization of Single-Amplifier Biquadratic Filters......Page 132
5.4.1 Low-Pass SAB Filter......Page 134
5.4.2 RC:CR Transformation......Page 136
5.5 Infinite-Gain Multiple Feedback SAB Filters......Page 138
5.6 Infinite-Gain Multiple Voltage Amplifier Biquad Filters......Page 140
5.6.1 KHN State-Variable Filter......Page 142
5.6.2 Tow–Thomas Biquad......Page 144
5.6.3 Fleischer–Tow Universal Biquad Structure......Page 146
5.7.1 Basic Definition and Related Expressions......Page 147
5.7.3 A Low-Sensitivity Multi-OA Biquad with Small Spread in Element Values......Page 149
5.7.4 Sensitivity Analysis Using Network Simulation Tools......Page 152
5.8.1.1 Inverting Amplifier......Page 153
5.8.1.2 Noninverting Amplifier......Page 154
5.8.2 Case of Tow–Thomas Biquad Realized with OA Having Frequency-Dependent Gain......Page 155
5.9 Second-Order Filter Realization Using Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)......Page 158
5.9.2 An OTA-C Band-Pass Filter......Page 161
5.9.3 A General Biquadratic Filter Structure......Page 162
5.10 Technological Implementation Considerations......Page 163
5.10.1.1 Diffused Resistor......Page 164
5.10.1.3 Epitaxial and Ion-Implanted Resistors......Page 165
5.10.1.4 Active Resistors......Page 166
5.10.2 Capacitors in IC Technology......Page 167
5.10.2.2 MOS Capacitors......Page 168
5.10.3 Inductors......Page 169
5.10.4.1 Operational Amplifier (OA)......Page 170
5.10.4.2 Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)......Page 171
5.10.4.3 Transconductance Amplifiers (TCAs)......Page 173
5.10.4.4 Current Conveyor (CC)......Page 174
Practice Problems......Page 175
6 Switched-Capacitor Filters......Page 184
6.1 Switched C and R Equivalence......Page 185
6.2 Discrete-Time and Frequency Domain Characterization......Page 186
6.2.1 SC Integrators: s (arrow) z Transformations......Page 187
6.2.2 Frequency Domain Characteristics of Sampled-Data Transfer Function......Page 190
6.3 Bilinear s (arrow) z Transformation......Page 192
6.4 Parasitic-Insensitive Structures......Page 196
6.4.1.1 Lossless Integrators......Page 199
6.5.1.1 Inverting Lossless Integrator......Page 200
6.5.1.3 Inverting and Noninverting Lossless Integration Combined......Page 202
6.5.2 Application of the Analysis Technique to a PI-SC Integrator-Based Second-Order Filter......Page 204
6.5.3 Signals Switched to the Input of the OA during Both Phases of the Clock Signal......Page 206
6.6.1 Use of VCVS and Transmission Line for Simulating an SC Filter......Page 207
6.7 Design of SC Biquadratic Filters......Page 210
6.7.1 Fleischer–Laker Biquad......Page 211
6.8 Modular Approach toward Implementation of Second-Order Filters......Page 214
6.9 SC Filter Realization Using Unity-Gain Amplifiers......Page 222
6.9.1 Delay-and-add Blocks Using UGA......Page 223
6.9.2 Delay Network Using UGA......Page 224
6.9.4 UGA-Based Filter with Reduced Number of Capacitances......Page 225
Practice Problems......Page 227
7.1 Component Simulation Technique......Page 230
7.1.1 Inductance Simulation Using Positive Impedance Inverters or Gyrators......Page 231
7.1.2 Inductance Simulation Using a Generalized Immittance Converter......Page 233
7.1.3 FDNR or Super-Capacitor in Higher-Order Filter Realization......Page 236
7.1.3.1 Sensitivity Considerations......Page 239
7.2.1 Operational Simulation of All-Pole Filters......Page 240
7.2.2 Leapfrog Low-Pass Filters......Page 242
7.2.3 Systematic Steps for Designing Low-Pass Leapfrog Filters......Page 243
7.2.4 Leapfrog Band-Pass Filters......Page 245
7.2.5 Operational Simulation of a General Ladder Structure......Page 246
7.3 Cascade Technique for High-Order Active Filter Implementation......Page 248
7.3.1 Sensitivity Considerations......Page 250
7.3.3 Dynamic Range Considerations......Page 251
7.4.1 Follow the Leader Feedback Structure......Page 252
7.4.1.1 Ti = (1/s), a Lossless Integrator......Page 253
7.4.1.2 Ti = 1/(s+ α), a Lossy Integrator......Page 254
7.4.2 FLF Structure with Feed-Forward Paths......Page 256
7.4.3 Shifted Companion Feedback Structure......Page 257
7.4.4 Primary Resonator Block Structure......Page 260
7.5.3 Operational Simulation Technique......Page 262
7.5.4 Leapfrog Structure for a General Ladder......Page 265
7.6.1 Parasitic-Insensitive Toggle-Switched-Capacitor (TSC) Integrator......Page 268
7.6.3 A Stray-Insensitive Bilinear Integrator with Sample-and-Hold Input Signal......Page 270
7.6.4 Cascade of SC Filter Sections for High-Order Filter Realization......Page 271
7.6.5 Ladder Filter Realization Using the SC Technique......Page 273
Practice Problems......Page 274
8.1.1 Multiplication of a Current Signal......Page 278
8.1.1.1 Use of a Current Mirror......Page 279
8.1.1.2 Use of a Current Conveyor......Page 280
8.1.1.3 Use of Current Operational Amplifier......Page 281
8.1.3 Integration and Differentiation of a Current Signal......Page 282
8.2.2.1 Universal Filter Implementation......Page 287
8.2.2.2 All-Pass/Notch and Band-Pass Filters Using a Single CCII......Page 288
8.2.2.3 Universal Biquadratic Filter Using Dual-Output CCII......Page 289
8.3 Current-Mode Filters Derived from Voltage-Mode Structures......Page 290
8.4 Transformation of a VM Circuit to a CM Circuit Using the Generalized Dual......Page 292
8.5 Transformation of VM Circuits to CM Circuits Using Transposition......Page 294
8.5.1.1 CM Biquads Derived from VM Biquads Employing Finite Gain Amplifiers......Page 295
8.5.1.2 CM Biquads Derived from VM Biquads Employing Infinite-Gain Amplifiers......Page 296
8.5.2.1 VM Circuits Using Single-Ended OTAs......Page 297
8.5.2.2 VM Circuits Using Differential-Input OTAs......Page 300
8.6 Derivation of CTF Structures Employing Infinite-Gain Single-Ended OAs......Page 302
8.6.1.1 Single-Amplifier Second-Order Filter Network......Page 303
8.6.1.2 Tow-Thomas Biquad......Page 304
8.6.1.3 Ackerberg and Mossberg LP and BP Filters......Page 305
8.6.2 Effect of Finite Gain and Bandwidth of the OA on the Pole Frequency, and Pole Q......Page 306
8.7 Switched-Current Techniques......Page 308
8.7.2 Switched-Current Memory Cell......Page 309
8.7.4 Switched-Current Integrators......Page 311
8.7.5 Universal Switched-Current Integrator......Page 313
8.8 Switched-Current Filters......Page 314
Practice Problems......Page 317
9 Implementation of Analog Integrated Circuit Filters......Page 322
9.2.1 Resistance......Page 323
9.2.2 Switch......Page 325
9.3.1 OA-Based Filters with Differential Structure......Page 326
9.3.1.2 Second-Order Filter Transfer Functions......Page 327
9.3.2.1 First-Order Filter Transfer Functions......Page 333
9.3.2.2 Second-Order Filter Transfer Functions......Page 335
9.4.1 A Low-Voltage, Very Wideband OTA-C Filter in CMOS Technology......Page 337
9.4.2.1 Filter Synthesis......Page 341
9.4.2.2 Basic Building Block......Page 342
9.4.2.4 Second-Order Elementary Band-Pass Filter Cell......Page 344
Practice Problems......Page 346
Appendices......Page 348
A.1 Denominator Polynomial D(s) for the Butterworth Filter Function of Order n, with Passband from 0 to 1 rad s–1......Page 350
A.3 Denominator Polynomial D(s) for the Bessel Thomson Filter Function of Order n......Page 351
A.4 Transfer Functions for Several Second-, Third-, and Fourth-Order Elliptic Filters......Page 353
B.1 Bessel Thomson Filter Magnitude Error Calculations (MATLAB Program)......Page 356
B.2 Bessel Thomson Filter Delay Error Calculations (MATLAB Program)......Page 357
C.2 Element Values for All-Pole Double-Resistance-Terminated Low-Pass Lossless Ladder Filters......Page 360
C.3 Element Values for Elliptic Double-Resistance-Terminated Low-Pass Lossless Ladder Filters......Page 363
References......Page 368
Index......Page 374