β Scribed by Alistair D.N. Edwards
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Modem window , icon, menu and pointer (WIMP) systems represent a significant new obstacle to access to computers for people with visualdisabilities. A project was carried out which demonstrated the possibility of adapting such highly visual interfaces into an auditory form so that even totally blind people could use them. This paper describes the development of a model of users' interaction with such an auditory interface. It is based on the approach applied by Card, Moran & to modelling visual interfaces. The model concerns the time taken to locate an object within a screen which is defined by sounds. It states that:
TposI'M'" = Tmonk + tiTmov. , where T. h onk is a constant, representing the time component during which the mouse is not moved, d is the distance to the target and Tmove is the time to cross one object. Measurements taken yielded values of: T.hmk =3β’99sand Tmoβ’β’ = 0β’80 s. The model does provide a good description of the behavior of most the test subjects. This work represents a first step towards expanding models of human-computer interactions to include auditory interactions. This should be of benefit not only to the development of interfaces for blind users, but also in the enhancement of interfaces for sighted users by the addition of an auditory component.
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