Cover
Half-title page
Series page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
List of
Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of
Abbreviations and Special Symbols
Introduction
I Modes of Modality
1 Pragmatics: Modality and Speaker Orientation
1.1 The Human as an Animal Catoptricum
1.2 Modality, Deixis, and Orientation in Displaced Worlds
1.3 Simple and Double Displacement as Basic Building Blocks of Modality
1.3.1 Cognitive and Linguistic Perspectivization: The Viewpoint Constellation
1.3.2 Simple and Double Displacement
1.3.3 Viewpoint vs. Displacement: Two Different Frameworks?
1.4 Modal Verbs and Modal (Discourse) Particles: Their Derived Double-Displacement Status
1.5 The Fundamental Pragmatic Nature of Modality
1.5.1 Modality, Displacement, and Theory of Mind
1.5.2 Displacement of the Origo
1.5.3 ATMM and Double Displacement
1.5.4 Modality and the Grammatical Category of Person
1.5.5 Modality and the Development of Theory of Mind
1.5.6 Lexical Deixis vs. Grammatical Deixis
1.6 Modality and Certainty
1.7 Modality and the Different Qualities of Double Displacement
1.8 Wrap-Up: Subjectivity Warranting Certainty?
1.9 Different Types of Long-Term Memory and the Coding of Different Grammars of the Possible
1.10 Summary and Outlook: The Linguistic Basis of a Non-naive Realism
2 (Inter)Subjectification and Foreign Consciousness Alignment
2.1 Modality and Others’ Minds
2.2 Theory of Mind and Foreign Consciousness Alignment
2.3 Foreign Consciousness Alignment on Modal Particles, Modal Root, and Epistemic Verbs
2.4 Intersubjectification and Foreign Consciousness Alignment on Hidden Modality
3 Modality as Distance: From Aspect to Modality
3.1 Methodological Caveat
3.2 Once Again: What Modality Is About
3.3 Brief Exposition of Von Wright’s Modal Logic
3.4 Graded Modality (Relative Modality)
3.5 Concepts and Terminologies
3.6 The Modal Verb in a Special Class of Verbs
3.6.1 Modalization in the Modalized V-Complex
3.6.2 Modality and Future Topic Time
3.7 Aspectual Selection Restriction on MV-Modality
3.7.1 The Contextual Perfective-Imperfective Choice
3.7.2 MVs as Prototypical Non-Progressives
3.7.3 The Aspect-Modality Link in Languages without Modal Verbs
3.7.4 On the Covert Link between Imperfectivity and Epistemicity
3.8 Memory Affinities of Modalization
II Verbal Modality
4 The Syntax–Semantic–Pragmatic Interface of Modal Verbs
4.1 Root Modality vs. Epistemic Modality
4.2 Sentential Readings under Negation
4.3 Modal Verbs, Aspect, and Negation in English
4.4 The Scope Differential
4.5 The Logical and Syntactic Relations between Negation and Modality
4.6 Scalar Relations: Scope Reach and Negation
4.7 The Practical Usage of the Scope of Negation
4.8 Are Epistemics Different from Evidentials?
4.9 The Evidential and Epistemic Differential: Constraining Criteria
4.10 Criteria of Person Origo
4.10.1 Grammar vs. Lexicon: Modal Verbs vs. Modality Adverbials
4.10.2 The Source Evidence Differential: Person Shift in Epistemicity
4.11 Summary: Epistemics, Evidentials, and Negation
4.12 Aspectual Contingency of the Root-Epistemic Distinction
5 The Perspectival Specifics of Verb Modality in German
5.1 The General Characteristics of Modal Verbs?
5.2 Modal Verbs under Negation: Fundamentals
5.3 Negation Contexts in Verbal Modality
5.4 Marked Scoping: The Not-Only Cases in Verbal Modality
5.5 Morphosyntax
5.5.1 First Status Complements
5.5.2 Compactness – ‘Strong Coherence’
5.5.3 Compactness: Right-Branching vs. Left-Branching
5.5.4 The Infinitivus-Pro-Participio Effect (Ersatzinfinitiv)
5.5.5 IPP-Effects and the Status 1 vs. Status 3 Difference
5.5.6 Inflective Morphology
5.5.7 Syntax-Semantics
5.5.7.1 Covert Subject PRO
5.5.7.2 Extraction from the V-Cluster
5.5.7.3 Control Constructions Mapping Full (Infinitival) CPs – Disallowing MVs
5.5.7.4 Raising Constructions Mapping Theta-less MV-Clusters – Allowing MVs
5.5.7.5 Scope Relations
5.6 What Do ECM-Verbs and Modal Verbs Have in Common?
5.6.1 ECM-Verbs and Modal Verbs
5.6.2 The Constraints at a Glance
5.6.3 Final Remarks on MV-Syntax in German and Other Languages
6 The Syntax of Modal Verbs in German, Dutch, and English
6.1 Again: What Are Modal Verbs across Languages?
6.2 The Major Distributional Differences
6.3 Syntactic Reflexes of the Root-Epistemic Distinction in German and Dutch
6.4 Deontic Modal Verbs, Full Verb Status, and Finite Auxiliaries
6.4.1 The Event Structure of Modal Verbs
6.4.1.1 Inchoativity as the Central Aspectual Property of DMV
6.5 On the Volatility of the Aspect-Modality Relation
6.6 The Deeper Interaction between Aspect, or Aktionsart, and Modality
6.6.1 Aspect Determines the Semantics of Aktionsart
6.6.2 The Principled Link between Modality and Aspect
6.6.3 The Aspect-Modality Correlations in Languages without Modal Verbs
6.6.3.1 Typological Sources
6.6.3.2 Slavic Correspondents of German of Voluntative Modality: Wollen ‘Will’
6.6.3.3 Slavic Correspondents of German of Weak Deontic Modality: Sollen ‘Shall’
6.6.3.4 Slavic Correspondents of German Possibility: Können ‘Can’
6.6.3.5 Slavic Correspondents of German Strong Deontic Modality: Müssen ‘Must’
6.6.3.6 Slavic Correspondents of German Voluntative Modality: Mögen ‘May’
6.6.3.7 Slavic Correspondents of German of Permissive Modality: Dürfen ‘May, Be Allowed To’
6.6.3.8 On the Interdependence of the Thematic Properties of Modal Verbs and the Root-Epistemic Distinction
6.7 Comparative Syntax
6.8 Wrap-Up
6.9 Modal Interpretation by Phase
6.10 Properties of Modal Verbs: The Main Criteria
6.10.1 Word Order
6.10.2 Scope
6.10.3 Modals Yield Asymmetric Predicates
7 Modal Verb Semantics
7.1 Origo Perspectives of Modal Verbs and Their Complexes
7.2 Conceptualizations: ‘Viewing Distance’
7.3 Imperfectivity Does Not Always Link with Epistemicity
7.4 The Copula as a Complement
III Adverbial Modality
8 Modal Particles: The Enigmatic Category
8.1 Modal Particles as an Illocutionarily Distinct Type of Discourse Marker
8.2 Modality in the Narrow Sense
8.3 MP-Source Categories and Their Underspecified MP-Results
8.4 Modal Particles as Free Grammatical Morphemes in German and in Other Languages
8.5 Word Order Options for Modal Particles under Finiteness and Non-finiteness
8.6 Serialization Options and Constraints between Modal Particles
8.7 Conclusion
9 The Attitudinal Force of Modal Particles
9.1 Strong Modality and Truth Valuability
9.2 The Category of German Modal Particle – and Its Merging Property
9.3 What Is Topic Reference of Modal Particles?
9.4 Modal Particles in Independent Sentences
9.5 Modal Particles in Dependent Sentences
9.6 MP-Selection: Speech Act Prerequisites
9.7 External Syntax of Adverbial and Other Dependents: Force as an Extension of CP
9.8 Autonomous or Inherited Force?
9.9 Phase and Edge Conditions: Clausal Dependency and Root Qualities
9.10 How Do Dependent Clauses Receive Force Potential?
9.11 Speaker Deixis and the Subjunctive: Liberalizing the Left Periphery
9.12 The Special Architecture of the Force Phase: Phase Motivation
9.13 The Internal Phase Architecture
9.13.1 Intact vs. Defective Left Phase Edges
9.13.2 Quote Prosody and the Factive/Non-factive Distinction
9.13.3 Bridge Test
9.14 Autonomous Speaker-Deixis Potential on Non-factive Complements
9.14.1 The Speaker-Deixis Potential
9.14.2 No Speaker-Deixis Potential on Factive Complements
9.14.3 No Speaker-Deixis Potential for Temporal-Locative Adverbial Clauses
9.14.4 The Speaker-Deixis Potential for ‘Logical’ Adverbial Clauses
9.14.5 Adnominal Dependency: Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
9.15 Phase-Anchoring Speaker Deixis
9.16 What Makes Non-factive Predicates Structurally Stronger than Factive Ones?
9.17 Speaker Deixis: Edge Features
9.18 Interim Summary
9.19 MP-Selection and Felicity Prerequisites
9.19.1 Felicity Conditions
9.19.2 The Source–Target Relation of MPs and Their Stressed Variants
9.19.3 Root Non-finites and MP-Selection
9.19.4 Relative MP Order
10 Modal Particles between Context, Conversation, and Convention
10.1 Modal Particles and Conventional Implicatures?
10.2 From MP-Lexical to Attitudinal MP-Status
10.3 How Does Mirativity Come About?
10.3.1 Mirativity under Accent-Free Focus
10.3.2 VF, MP, and Mirative Unexpectedness
10.4 On the Specific Relation between Verum Focus, Sentence Type, and MP-Selection
10.4.1 Verum Focus – Distributed on Grammatical-Functional Components
10.4.2 Focused MPs: The MP/MP-Focus Differential
10.5 The Mirative Import Due to Unexpected Emphasis and Modal Particles
10.5.1 Formal Assumptions
10.5.2 Mirative Import Specified by MP-Source Legacy
10.6 Modal Particles as Grammatical Functions
10.7 Modal Particles and Grammaticalization
11 Modal Particles outside of Finiteness
11.1 Modal Particles at the Word Level
11.1.1 The Phenomenon
11.1.2 The Attribute-DP Restriction for DP-Internal MPs
11.1.3 Expressive Content
11.1.4 MP-in-DP and Intersectivity of the Attributive Adjectival
11.1.5 Epistemic Force Scope in DP
11.1.6 Time Reference vs. Tense Inside DP
11.1.7 Wrap-Up
11.1.8 MP-Attraction to Wh-Pronominals
11.2 Root Non-finites and the Selection of Modal Particles
11.2.1 Root Non-finites
11.2.2 Conclusion: MP and Finiteness
11.3 Once Again
11.3.1 Thoughts Do Not Simply Travel from Speaker to Addressee
11.3.2 Derivation: From Surface to Covert Scope Position
IV Covert Modality
12 Covert Patterns of Modality
12.1 Phenomena: Modality behind the Scenes
12.2 Forms of Covert Modality
12.3 Modality Covertly Coded by Phrasal Prepositional Infinitives: Foundational Issues
12.4 The Phrasal Prepositional Status of Infinitivals Eliciting Modal Denotations
12.4.1 Subject Relative Infinitive: Illustrations
12.4.2 Object Relative Infinitive
12.4.3 Subject Relative Infinitive: The Structure
12.4.4 Subject Relative Purpose Infinitive after Directional
12.4.5 Subject Raising Infinitival
12.5 Subject Raising Infinitive on iV
12.6 Object Infinitive – Decausative iV
12.6.1 Covert Modality in Subject Infinitive – Unaccusative Verbs
12.6.2 Covert Modality in Infinitival DP Relatives
12.6.3 Covert Modality in Infinitival (Object-)DP Relatives
12.7 Overt Modal Form, but No Modal Meaning
12.7.1 Inverse Environments
12.7.2 Anaphoricity and Modality (Deontic-Root/Epistemic Modal Verbs)
12.8 Covert Modal Logic: The Root Alternatives and Epistemicity
12.9 The Root Modalities on the Gerund: Zu(m) + Infinitive
12.10 Transitivity-Intransitivity
12.11 What Is behind Covert Modality and Its Epistemicity Gap?
12.12 Perfective Aspect and Tense
12.13 Covert Modality and Diathesis
12.14 Necessity on Haben/Have + Zu/To + V
12.15 Summary: Covert vs. Overt Modality
12.16 Form and Morphologically Explicit Modality Early On: HAVE/BE(+DP) + Zu-Infinitive
12.17 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index