โ Scribed by Marshall I. Pomer
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
Being a woman hinders advancement in the labor market, an inequity which perpetuates the conconcentration of women in low-paid jobs. Analysis of 1970 United States Census data reveals that women in low-paid occupations have a much lower probability of upward mobility than men. Low-paid service jobs, which are typical for women, provide less opportunity than other jobs. However, even after adjusting for differences in occupation and industry, as well as controlling for age and schooling, women are far less likely than men to experience upward mobility.
Increasing demands on the labor market to provide opportunities for women have resulted in more women in the fields o f law, medicine and the sciences. At the same time, most women find themselves in non-professional jobs and face traditional barriers. Employers and unions may be motivated by sex bias, and individual male employees may rebel against supervision by women. To enhance awareness of the difficulty that women have in improving their economic positions, it is helpful to investigate upward mobility out of low-paid occupations.
Access to the mainstream of American social and economic life depends on a well-paid job (Coleman and Rainwater, 1978). Accordingly, in this analysis upward mobility is defined as movement from a low-paid job to a job in the mainstream stratum, where the mainstream stratum consists of occupations which are at least moderately well-paid. There are two parts
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