Mobile Communications Handbook Engineering

✍ Scribed by Jerry D. Gibson

• Publisher: CRC-Press
• Year: 1996
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 699
• Series: Electrical Engineering Handbook
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

In a single volume, The Mobile Communications Handbook covers the entire field, from principles of analog and digital communications to cordless telephones, wireless local area networks (LANs), and international technology standards. The amazing scope of the Handbook ensures that it will be the primary reference for every aspect of mobile communications.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 1
Contents......Page 0
Instantaneous Sampling......Page 3
Ideal Sampled Signal......Page 4
Sampling Theorem......Page 5
Sampling of Bandpass Signals......Page 6
Natural Sampling......Page 9
Flat-Top Sampling......Page 10
Summary and Discussion......Page 11
Introduction......Page 15
Generation of PCM......Page 16
Practical PCM Circuits......Page 18
Effects of Noise......Page 20
Nonuniform Quantizing: $mu $-Law and $A$-Law Companding......Page 23
Example: Design of a PCM System......Page 25
Communications System Model......Page 29
Intersymbol Interference and the Nyquist Criterion......Page 32
Raised Cosine Pulse......Page 35
Nyquist Criterion with Matched Filtering......Page 36
Vertical Eye Opening......Page 39
Slope of the Inner Eye......Page 40
Partial-Response Signalling......Page 41
Precoding......Page 45
Average Transmitted Power and Spectral Constraints......Page 46
Channel and Receiver Characteristics......Page 47
Probability of Intercept and Detection......Page 48
U.S. Digital Cellular (IS-136)......Page 49
Personal Access Communications System (PACS)......Page 50
Characterization of Channel Distortion......Page 53
Characterization of Intersymbol Interference......Page 54
Linear Equalizers......Page 62
Adaptive Linear Equalizers......Page 67
Decision-Feedback Equalizer......Page 71
Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection......Page 74
Conclusions......Page 75
Introduction......Page 80
Common Line Coding Formats......Page 81
Unipolar RZ......Page 82
Polar NRZ......Page 85
Polar RZ {[Bipolar, Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI), or Pseudoternary]}......Page 87
Manchester Coding (Split Phase or Digital Biphase)......Page 88
Split Phase (Mark)......Page 89
Binary ${bm N}$ Zero Substitution (BNZS)......Page 90
Ternary Coding......Page 93
Multilevel Signalling, Partial Response Signalling, and Duobinary Coding......Page 95
Bandwidth Comparison......Page 96
Concluding Remarks......Page 97
Introduction......Page 100
Echo Cancellation for PAM Systems......Page 101
Echo Cancellation for QAM Systems......Page 109
Echo Cancellation for OFDM Systems......Page 111
Summary and Conclusions......Page 114
Introduction......Page 117
m Sequences......Page 118
The q-ary Sequences with Low Autocorrelation......Page 120
Families of Sequences with Low Crosscorrelation......Page 121
Gold and Kasami Sequences......Page 122
Binary Kerdock Sequences......Page 123
Barker Sequences......Page 124
Sequences with High Merit Factor......Page 125
Partial-Period Correlation......Page 126
Optical Orthogonal Codes......Page 127
Introduction......Page 131
Karhunen--Loeve Expansion......Page 132
Detection Theory......Page 134
Standard Binary Signalling Schemes......Page 136
M-ary Optimal Receivers......Page 138
Random Phase Channels......Page 139
Rayleigh Channel......Page 141
Dispersive Channels......Page 142
Introduction......Page 147
Structure and Decoding of Block Codes......Page 149
Important Classes of Block Codes......Page 151
Principles of Convolutional Coding......Page 152
Trellis-Coded Modulation......Page 156
Turbo Codes......Page 159
Applications......Page 160
Why Spread Spectrum?......Page 166
Direct Sequence Modulation......Page 167
Frequency Hopping Modulation......Page 169
Time Hopping Modulation......Page 171
Military......Page 173
Commercial......Page 176
Introduction......Page 181
Space Diversity......Page 183
Frequency Diversity......Page 184
Transformed Diversity......Page 185
Selection Combining......Page 186
Maximal Ratio Combining......Page 187
Equal Gain Combining......Page 188
Loss of Diversity Gain Due to Branch Correlation and Unequal Branch Powers......Page 189
Effect of Diversity Combining on Bit Error Rate......Page 190
Concluding Remarks......Page 191
Introduction......Page 194
The Link......Page 195
The Bandwidth Efficiency Plane......Page 196
{it M}-ary Signalling......Page 197
Bandwidth-Limited Systems......Page 198
Minimum Bandwidth Requirements for MPSK and MFSK Signalling......Page 199
Solution to Example 1......Page 200
Solution to Example 2......Page 202
Example 3: Bandwidth-Limited Power-Limited Coded System......Page 203
Solution to Example 3......Page 204
Example 4: Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Coded System......Page 208
Processing Gain......Page 209
Solution to Examplenobreakspace {}13.4......Page 210
Conclusion......Page 212
Introduction......Page 215
ITU-T......Page 216
ITU-R......Page 218
ISO/IEC JTC 1......Page 219
Regional Standardization......Page 220
National Standardization......Page 222
ANSI T1......Page 223
TTC......Page 224
Intellectual Property......Page 226
Standards Coordination......Page 227
Standards Development Cycle......Page 228
Introduction......Page 232
Mobility and Freedom from Tethers......Page 234
Cordless Telephones......Page 236
Cellular Mobile Radio Systems......Page 239
Wide-Area Wireless Data Systems......Page 242
High-Speed Wireless Local-Area Networks (WLANs)......Page 244
Paging/Messaging Systems......Page 247
{Fixed Point-to-Multipoint Wireless Loops......Page 248
Reality Check......Page 249
Evolution Toward the Future and to Low-Tier Personal Communications Services......Page 251
Complexity/Coverage Area Comparisons......Page 256
{Coverage, Range, Speed, and Environments......Page 258
Quality, Capacity, and Economic Issues......Page 259
Capacity, Quality, and Complexity......Page 260
Economics, System Capacity, and Coverage Area Size......Page 261
{Loop Evolution and Economics......Page 263
People Only Want One Handset......Page 265
Speech Quality Issues......Page 267
New Technology......Page 268
High-Tier to Low-Tier or Low-Tier to High-Tier Dual Mode......Page 273
Infrastructure Networks......Page 274
Conclusion......Page 275
Introduction......Page 281
Basic Description of Modulated Signals......Page 282
Analog Frequency Modulation......Page 283
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and pi /4-QPSK......Page 284
Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) and MSK......Page 286
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying......Page 290
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)......Page 291
Conclusions......Page 293
Introduction......Page 297
Relevant Wireless Communication System Characteristics......Page 298
Channel Considerations......Page 300
Influence of Antenna Height......Page 301
Further Remarks......Page 302
Propagation Considerations......Page 303
Example 17.2: GSM......Page 304
Code Division Multiple Access......Page 305
Multiple-Access Interference......Page 306
Comparison and Outlook......Page 307
Rayleigh Fading Channels......Page 311
The Challenge of a Fading Channel......Page 312
Mobile-Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Fading and Small-Scale Fading......Page 313
Large-Scale Fading: Path-Loss Mean and Standard Deviation......Page 316
Small-Scale Fading: Statistics and Mechanisms......Page 319
Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Time-Delay Domain: Figure 18.1, Block 7---The Multipath Intensity Profile......Page 320
Degradation Categories due to Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Time Delay Domain......Page 322
Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Frequency Domain: Figure 18.1, Block 10---The Spaced-Frequency Correlation Function......Page 323
Degradation Categories due to Signal Time-Spreading Viewed in the Frequency Domain......Page 324
Typical Examples of Flat Fading and Frequency-Selective Fading Manifestations......Page 326
The Concept of Duality......Page 328
Time Variance Viewed in the Doppler-Shift Domain: Figure 18.1, Block 16---The Doppler Power Spectrum......Page 329
Degradation Categories due to Time Variance, Viewed in the Doppler-Shift Domain......Page 332
Mitigation Methods......Page 334
Mitigation to Combat Frequency-Selective Distortion......Page 336
Mitigation to Combat Loss in SNR......Page 339
Summary of the Key Parameters Characterizing Fading Channels......Page 340
Frequency-Selective Fading Distortion: Example #2......Page 341
The Viterbi Equalizer as Applied to GSM......Page 342
Conclusion......Page 345
Multipath Propagation......Page 351
Space-Time Channel Model......Page 352
Signal Model at Base Station (Reverse Link)......Page 353
Signal Model at Mobile (Forward Link)......Page 354
Discrete Time Signal Model......Page 355
Signal-Plus-Interference Model......Page 356
Multiuser ST Receive Algorithms......Page 357
ST Transmit Processing (Base)......Page 358
Forward Link Processing at the Mobile......Page 359
Summary......Page 360
Location Strategies for Personal Communications Services......Page 362
An Overview of PCS......Page 363
Aspects of Mobility---Examplenobreakspace {}20.1......Page 364
A Model for PCS......Page 365
Terminal/Location Registration......Page 367
Global System for Mobile Communications......Page 369
Architecture......Page 371
User Location Strategy......Page 372
Additional Assumptions......Page 373
Analysis of IS-41......Page 374
Reducing Signalling During Call Delivery......Page 375
Per-User Location Caching......Page 376
Caching Threshold Analysis......Page 378
The Running Average Algorithm......Page 382
The Reset-$bm {K}$ Algorithm......Page 383
Comparison of the LCMR Estimation Algorithms......Page 387
Conditions When Caching Is Beneficial......Page 389
LCMR Estimation and Caching Policy......Page 390
Conclusions......Page 391
Introduction......Page 395
Cellular Principles......Page 396
System Expansion Techniques......Page 397
Basic Design Steps......Page 398
Traffic Engineering......Page 399
Cell Coverage......Page 400
Base Station Coverage......Page 401
Application Examples......Page 403
Adjacent Channel Interference......Page 404
Cochannel Interference......Page 405
Conclusions......Page 407
Introducing Microcells......Page 411
Highway Microcells......Page 412
Spectral Efficiency of Highway Microcellular Network......Page 413
City Street Microcells......Page 415
Teletraffic Issues......Page 417
Indoor Microcells......Page 419
Microcellular Infrastructure......Page 420
Radio over Fiber......Page 421
Miniaturized Microcellular BSs......Page 422
Multiple Access Issues......Page 423
Discussion......Page 424
The Resource Assignment Problem......Page 429
Fixed Channel Assignment......Page 430
Enhanced Fixed Channel Assignment......Page 431
Dynamic Channel Assignment......Page 433
CDMA Systems......Page 434
Conclusion......Page 435
Introduction......Page 438
Signal Strength......Page 439
Time-Based Location......Page 440
Problem Formulation......Page 441
Location Solutions......Page 442
Cram'{e}r-Rao Lower Bound......Page 443
Geometric Dilution of Precision......Page 444
Location in Cellular Systems......Page 445
Multipath......Page 446
Multiple-Access Interference......Page 447
Summary and Conclusions......Page 448
Introduction......Page 451
Cellular Systems and Power Control......Page 452
Power Control Examples......Page 457
Summary......Page 461
Introduction......Page 465
Capacity Enhancement......Page 466
Capacity Enhancement Through Increase in Number of Carriers and/or Voice Circuits......Page 468
Improved Interference Management Techniques......Page 469
Novel Cellular Configurations......Page 470
Quality Aspects and Definitions......Page 472
Speech Quality Enhancements......Page 473
Circuit Mode Techniques......Page 476
Packet Mode Techniques......Page 477
New Modulation Schemes......Page 478
Conclusion......Page 479
Introduction......Page 483
Overview......Page 484
Logical and Physical Channels......Page 486
Speech and Data Transmission......Page 487
Transmission of Control Signals......Page 489
Synchronization Issues......Page 493
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying Modulation......Page 494
Wideband Channel Models......Page 495
Adaptive Link Control......Page 497
Discontinuous Transmission......Page 499
Summary......Page 500
Introduction......Page 506
Modulation of Digital Voice and Data Signals......Page 507
Channel Coding Considerations......Page 509
Linear Prediction Analysis and Quantization......Page 510
VSELP Codebook Search......Page 513
Quantizing the Excitation and Signal Gains......Page 514
Channel Coding and Interleaving......Page 515
Algebraic Codebook Structure and Search......Page 516
Conclusions......Page 517
History and Background......Page 521
The CT-2 Standard......Page 522
Multiple Access and Burst Structure......Page 523
Power Control......Page 524
Burst Formats......Page 525
General Message Format......Page 527
Fixed Format Packet......Page 529
CFP-Initiated Link Setup Procedures......Page 530
Handshaking......Page 533
Main Features of the CT-2 System......Page 536
Introduction......Page 539
Speech Coding for Cellular Mobile Radio Communications......Page 540
Codec Selection and Performance Requirements......Page 541
Speech Coding Techniques in the Half-Rate Standards......Page 542
Channel Coding Techniques in the Half-Rate Standards......Page 544
The Japanese Half-Rate Standard......Page 545
The European GSM Half-Rate Standard......Page 549
Conclusions......Page 552
Introduction......Page 556
Wireless Video Communications......Page 557
Recommendation H.223......Page 559
Error Resilient Video Coding......Page 560
Error Resilient Video Decoding......Page 561
MPEG-4 Error Resilience Tools......Page 564
Resynchronization......Page 565
Data Partitioning......Page 566
Reversible Variable Length Codes (RVLCs)......Page 567
Header Extension Code (HEC)......Page 568
Slice Structure Mode (Annex K)......Page 569
Error Tracking (Appendix I)......Page 570
Discussion......Page 571
Introduction......Page 575
Physical Layer Design......Page 576
MAC Layer Protocols......Page 578
Reservation-TDMA (R-TDMA)......Page 580
Randomly Addressed Polling (RAP)......Page 581
Network Layer Issues......Page 582
A Proposed Architecture......Page 583
Networking Issues......Page 584
Transport Layer Design......Page 585
Conclusions......Page 586
Introduction......Page 590
Radio Propagation Characteristics......Page 591
Modem Services Over Cellular Networks......Page 593
ARDIS......Page 595
MOBITEX......Page 596
Ricochet Network......Page 597
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)......Page 599
Digital Cellular Data Services......Page 602
Conclusions......Page 603
Introduction......Page 607
Background and Issues......Page 608
Wireless Interworking With Transit ATM Networks......Page 609
Integrated Wireless--Wireline ATM Network Architecture......Page 610
Wireless Access Technology Options......Page 611
Architecture and Reference Model......Page 616
Signalling Link Evolution......Page 617
QoS Support......Page 620
Conclusions......Page 624
QoS in Wireless ATM......Page 629
QoS Approach in Wireless ATM......Page 630
MAC Layer Functions......Page 631
Network and Application Layer Functions......Page 636
Mobility Management in Wireless ATM......Page 646
Location Management Functions and Control Flow......Page 647
Connection Handover in Wireless ATM......Page 651
Summary and Conclusions......Page 658
An Overview of cdma2000, WCDMA, and EDGE......Page 662
Introduction......Page 663
Chip Rate......Page 664
Spreading and Modulation Solutions......Page 665
Multiuser Detection......Page 667
WCDMA......Page 668
Spreading Codes......Page 669
Packet Data......Page 671
Coherent Detection......Page 672
TDMA-Based Schemes......Page 675
Modulation......Page 677
Frame Structures......Page 678
Radio Resource Management......Page 679
Time Division Duplex (TDD)......Page 680
Conclusions......Page 682
Introduction......Page 684
Complex Envelope Representation......Page 685
Generalized Transmitters and Receivers......Page 687
Spectrum and Power of Bandpass Signals......Page 690
Amplitude Modulation......Page 691
Phase and Frequency Modulation......Page 693
QPSK Signalling......Page 694