Preface
Contents
Chapter 1. Review of Linear Circuit Theory
1.1. Kirchhoffโs Voltage and Current Laws
1.2. Voltage Bus Notation
1.3. Definition of VoltageโCurrent Characteristic
1.4. Superposition in Linear Circuits
1.5. Resistive Circuits
1.6. Theฬvenin Equivalent Circuits
1.7. Norton Equivalent Circuits
1.8. Voltage and Current Division
1.9. Single-Time-Constant ResistorโCapacitor Circuits
1.9.1. RC Circuit Transient Response
1.9.2. RC Circuit Response in the Sinusoidal Steady State
Summary
Problems
Chapter 2. Operational Amplifiers
2.1. Integrated-Circuit Operational Amplifier
2.2. Simplified Op-Amp Model
2.3. Ideal Op-Amp Approximation
2.4. Linear Op-Amp Circuits
2.4.1. Noninverting Amplifier
2.4.2. The Virtual Short
2.4.3. Inverting Amplifier
2.4.4. Input Resistance
2.4.5. Op-Amp Voltage Follower
2.4.6. Difference Amplifier
2.4.7. Instrumentation Amplifier
2.4.8. Summation Amplifier
2.4.9. Op-Amp with T-bridge Feedback Network
2.4.10. Op-Amp Integrator
2.4.11. Op-Amp Differentiator
2.5. Nonlinear Operational Amplifier Circuits
2.5.1. Open-Loop Comparator and Polarity Indicator
2.5.2 Schmitt Trigger
2.6. Nonideal Properties of Operational Amplifiers
2.6.1 Output Saturation Levels
2.6.2. Input and Output Offset Voltages
2.6.3. Input Bias and Input Offset Currents
2.6.4. Slew-Rate Limitation
2.6.5. Output Current Limit
2.6.6. Finite Frequency Response
2.6.7. Gain-Bandwidth Product
Summary
Problems
Chapter 3. Introduction to Nonlinear Circuit Elements
3.1. Basic Properties of Nonlinear Elements
3.2. Graphical Analysis With One Nonlinear Circuit Element
3.3. Examples of Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices
3.3.1. Semiconductor Materials
3.3.2. Physical Characteristics of the PN Junction Diode
3.3.3. Voltage~Current Characteristic of the PN Junction Diode
3.3.4. Zener Diode
3.3.5. PN Junction Under Large Reverse-Bias Voltage
3.3.6. Schottky Diode
3.3.7. Varactor Diode
3.3.8. Tunnel Diode
3.3.9. Metal-Oxide Varistor
3.4. Graphical Method With Time-Varying Sources
3.5. Iterative Mathematical Solutions
3.6. Piecewise Linear Modeling of Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 4. Signal Processing and Conditioning with Two-Terminal Nonlinear Devices
4.1. The Transfer Characteristic
4.2. Clipping and Limiting Circuits
4.3. Rectifier Circuits
4.3.1. Half-Wave Rectifier
4.3.2. Bridge Rectifier
4.4. Power-Supply Circuits
4.4.1. Half-Wave Rectifier Power Supply
4.4.2. Full-Wave Rectifier Power Supply
4.4.3. Power Supply with Nonresistive Load
4.4.4. Voltage Regulation
4.4.5. Capacitor-Rectifier Circuits for Signal Processing
4.5. Precision Rectifier Circuits
4.5.1. Precision Half-Wave Rectifier
4.5.2. Precision Diode Limiter
4.5.3. Modified Precision Half-Wave Rectifier with Gain
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 5. Three-Terminal Devices
5.1. Definition of a Three-Terminal Device
5.2. Field-Effect Transistors
5.2.1. Physical Structure of the n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
5.2.2. Summary of v-i Equations of the n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET
5.2.3. Depletion-Mode MOSFET
5.2.4. Nonzero Source-to-Substrate Voltage (The Body Effect)
5.2.5. Electrostatic Overstress and Electrostatic Discharge
5.2.6. Junction Field-Effect Transistor
5.2.7. FET Transconductance Curve
5.2.8. P-Channel Field-Effect Transistors
5.2.9. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MESFET)
5.3. Bipolar Junction Transistor
5.3.1. Physical Structure of the Bipolar Transistor
5.3.2. NPN BJT v-i Characteristics
5.3.3. The PNP BJT
5.4. Upward Slope of Transistor v-i Characteristics
5.4.1. Upward Slope of FET v-i Characteristics
5.4.2. Upward Slope of BJT v-i Characteristics
5.5. Photonic Devices
5.5.1. Photodiode
5.5.2. Phototransistor
5.5.3. Light-Emitting Diode
5.5.4. Laser Diode
5.5.5. Optoelectronic Circuits
5.6. Temperature Dependence of Devices
5.6.1. Temperature Dependence of the MOSFET and JFET
5.6.2. Temperature Dependence of pn Junction Diode and BJT
5.7. Power Limitations of Device Operation
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 6. Basic Circuits Containing Three-Terminal Devices
6.1. Inverter Configuration
6.1.1. BJT Inverter
6.1.2. MOSFET Inverter
6.1.3. CMOS Inverter
6.2. Voltage-Follower Configuration 330 6.2.1 BJT Voltage Follower
6.2.2. MOSFET Voltage Follower
6.3. Current-Follower Configuration
6.3.1. BJT Current Follower (Common-Base Amplifier)
6.3.2. BJT Cascode Configuration
6.3.3. MOSFET Current Follower
6.3.4. MOSFET Cascode with MOSFET Load
6.4. Operation in the Digital Regime
6.4.1. The Transistor as a Switch
6.4.2. The Inverter as a Digital Logic Gate
6.4.3. BJT Logic Inverter
6.4.4. CMOS Logic Inverter
6.4.5. NMOS Logic Inverter
6.4.6. Effect of Nonzero Source-to-Substrate Voltage (The Body Effect)
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 7. Analog Amplification
7.1. Definition of a Signal
7.2. Active and Passive Circuits
7.3. Biasing
7.3.1. General Biasing Concepts
7.3.2. Biasing Techniques for the BJT
7.3.3. Biasing Techniques.for MOSFETs and JFETs
7.4. Small-Signal Modeling of Analog Circuits
7.4.1. Incremental Signal
7.4.2. Small-Signal Model of the BJT
7.4.3. Small-Signal Model of the FET
7.4.4. Modeling the MOSFET Body Effect
7.4.5. Transistor Small-Signal Output-Port Resistance
7.4.6. Transistor Small-Signal Input-Port Resistance
7.5. Two-Port Amplifier Representation
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 8. Differential Amplifiers
8.1. Basic Differential-Amplifier Topology
8.2. Differential- and Common-Mode Signals
8.3. BJT Differential Amplifier
8.3.1. BJT Differential Amplifier with One Input
8.3.2. BJT Differential Amplifier with Two Inputs
8.3.3. Superposition of Differential-Mode and Common-Mode Responses
8.3.4. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
8.3.5. BJT Differential-Amplifier Input and Output Resistances
8.3.6. BJT Differential-Amplifier Biasing
8.3.7. BJT Current Mirror
8.3.8. BJT Widlar Current Source
8.4. MOSFET and JFET Differential Amplifiers
8.4.1. NMOS Differential Amplifier
8.4.2. JFET Differential Amplifier with Resistive Loads
8.4.3. CMOS Differential Amplifier
8.4.4. BiCMOS Differential Amplifier
8.5. Large-Signal Performance of Differential Amplifiers
8.5.1. Large-Signal Description of the BJT Differential Amplifier
8.5.2. Large-Signal Description of MOSFET and JFET Differential Amplifiers with Resistive Loads
8.5.3. Large-Signal Description of MOSFET Differential Amplifier with CMOS Loads
8.5.4. Differential-Amplifier Swing Range
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 9. Frequency Response and Time-Dependent Circuit Behavior
9.1. Sources of Capacitance and Inductance in Electronic Circuits
9.1.1. Stray Lead Capacitance 566 9.1.2 Stray Lead Inductance
9.1.3. Internal Capacitance of the pn Junction
9.1.4. Capacitance in the Bipolar Junction Transistor
9.1.5. Capacitance in the MOS Field-Effect Transistor
9.1.6. Capacitance in the Junction Field-Effect Transistor
9.2. Sinusoidal Steady-State Amplifier Response
9.2.1. Bode Plot Representation in the Frequency Domain
9.2.2. Bode-Plot Representation of System Functions of Arbitrary Complexity
9.2.3. High-, Low-, and Midband-Frequency Limits
9.2.4. Superposition of Poles
9.3. Frequency Response of Circuits Containing Capacitors
9.3.1. High- and Low-Frequency Capacitors
9.3.2. The Dominant-Pole Concept
9.3.3. Effect of Transverse Capacitance on Amplifier Response
9.3.4. Millerโs Theorem and Miller Multiplication
9.3.5. High-Frequency Poles with Feedback Resistor
9.3.6. Frequency Response with Bypass Capacitor
9.4. Frequency Response of the Differential Amplifier
9.4.1. Differential-Mode Frequency Response
9.4.2. Common-Mode Frequency Response
9.4.3. Frequency Response of the Cascode Configuration
9.4.4. Integrated-Circuit Design Considerations
9.5. Time Response of Electronic Circuits
9.5.1. Internal Diode Capacitance and the Half-Wave Rectifier
9.5.2. Incremental Step Response of a Transistor Amplifier
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 10. Feedback and Stability
10.1. The Negative-Feedback Loop
10.2. General Requirements of Feedback Circuits
10.3. Effects of Feedback on Amplifier Performance
10.3.1. Effect of Feedback on Amplifier Linearity
10.3.2. Effect of Feedback on Amplifier Bandwidth
10.4. The Four Basic Amplifier Types
10.4.1. Amplifier Port Characteristics
10.4.2. Output Sampling
10.4.3. Input Mixing
10.5. The Four Feedback Topologies
10.6. Effect of Feedback Connections on Amplifier Port Resistance
10.6.1. Input Resistance of the Series Input-Mixing Connection
10.6.2. Input Resistance of the Shunt Input-Mixing Connection
10.6.3. Output Resistance of the Shunt Output-Sampling Connection
10.6.4. Output Resistance of the Series Output-Sampling Connection
10.7. Examples of Real Feedback Amplifiers
10.7.1. Op-Amp Voltage Amplifier (Series/Shunt Feedback)
10.7.2. MOSFET Transconductance Amplifier with Feedback Resistor (Series/Series Feedback)
10.7.3. Single-Transistor Transresistance Amplifier (Shunt/Shunt Feedback)
10.7.4. BJT Current Amplifier with Feedback (Shunt/Series Feedback)
10.8. Feedback-Loop Stability
10.8.1. Amplifier Phase Shift
10.8.2. Evaluating Feedback Stability Using the Nyquist Plot
10.8.3. Bode-Plot Analysis of Feedback Stability
10.8.4. Frequency Compensation
10.8.5. External Compensation
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 11. Multistage and Power Amplifiers
11.1. Input and Output Loading
11.2. Two-Port Amplifier Cascade
11.3. Multistage Amplifier Biasing
11.4. DC Level Shifting
11.4.1. Level Shifting in BJT Circuits
11.4.2. Level Shifting in MOSFET Circuits
11.5. Differential-Amplifier Cascade
11.6. Power-Amplification Output Stages
11.6.1. Complementary-Pair (Class B) Output Configuration
11.6.2. Linearly Biased (Class A) Output Configuration
11.6.3. Minimally Biased (Class AB) Output Configuration
11.7. Integrated-Circuit Power Amplifiers
11.8. Power Devices
11.8.1. Heat Sinks
11.8.2 Power BJT
11.8.3. Power MOSFET
Summary
SPICE Example
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 12. Analog Integrated Circuits
12.1. Basic Operational-Amplifier Cascade
12.2. Case Study: The LM741 Bipolar Operational Amplifier
12.2.1. BJT Input Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp
12.2.2. Middle-Gain Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp
12.2.3. Output Stage of the LM741 Op-Amp
12.2.4. Complete Op-Amp Cascade
12.2.5. Frequency Compensation
12.2.6. Pole Splitting
12.2.7. Origin of Slew-Rate Limitation
12.2.8. Offset-Null Adjustment
12.3. Case Study: A Simple CMOS Operational Amplifier
12.3.1. Bias Design
12.3.2. Smal! Signal Differential-Mode Performance
12.3.3. Common-Mode Performance
12.3.4. Signal Swing Range
Summary
SPICE Example
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 13. Active Filters and Oscillators
13.1. A Simple First-Order Active Filter
13.2. Ideal Filter Functions
13.3. Second-Order Filter Responses
13.3.1. The Biquadratic Filter Function
13.3.2. Second-Order Active Low-Pass Filter
13.3.3. Second-Order Active High-Pass Filter
13.3.4. Second-Order Active Band-Pass Filter
13.4. Active Filter Cascading
13.4.1. Low-Pass Butterworth Response
13.4.2. Low-Pass Chebyshev Filter Response
13.4.3. High-Pass and Band-Pass Cascades
13.4.4. Other Filter Types
13.5. Magnitude and Frequency Scaling
13.6. Switched-Capacitor Networks and Filters
13.7. Oscillators
13.7.1. Wien-Bridge Oscillator
13.7.2. Phase-Shift Oscillator
13.7.3. Tuned LC Oscillators
13.7.4. Crystal Oscillators
13.7.5. Schmitt-Trigger Oscillator
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 14. Digital Circuits
14.1. Fundamental Concepts of Digital Circuits
14.1.1. Scale of Integration
14.1.2. Logic Families
14.1.3. Definition of Logic Levels
14.1.4. Noise Margins
14.1.5. Fan-Out and Fan-In
14.1.6. Propagation Delay
14.1.7. Power Dissipation
14.1.8. DelayโPower Product
14.2. CMOS Logic Family
14.2.1. CMOS Inverter Transfer Characteristic
14.2.2. Dynamic Behavior of CMOS Inverter
14.2.3. CMOS Logic Gates
14.2.4. CMOS Transmission Gate
14.3. NMOS Logic Family
14.3.1. NMOS Inverter with Enhancement Load
14.3.2. NMOS Inverter with Depletion Load
14.3.3. Dynamic Behavior of NMOS Inverter
14.3.4. NMOS Logic-Gates
14.4. TTL Logic Family
14.4.1. Dynamic Behavior of BJT Inverter
14.4.2. Basic Structure of TTL
14.4.3. Complete TTL Logic Inverter
14.4.4. Transfer Characteristic of the TTL Logic Inverter
14.4.5. TTL Logic Gates
14.4.6. Tristate Output
14.4.7. Improved Versions of TTL
14.5. Emitter-Coupled Logic Family
14.5.1 Basic ECL Logic Inverter
14.5.2. Detailed Analysis of ECL Logic Inverter
14.5.3. ECL Inverter Transfer Characteristics
14.5.4. ECL Logic Gates
14.6. BiCMOS Logic Circuits
14.6.1. Standard BiCMOS Inverter
14.6.2. DC Transfer Characteristic of the BiCMOS Inverter
14.6.3. BiCMOS Logic Gates
Summary
SPICE Examples
Problems
SPICE Problems
Chapter 15. Fundamentals of Digital Systems
15.1. Sequential Logic Circuits
15.1.1. Set-Reset Flip-Flop
15.1.2. Clocked SR Flip-Flop
15.1.3. JK Flip-Flop
15.1.4. โType Dand Type T Flip-Flops
15.1.5. Preset and Clear Inputs
15.2. Multivibrator Circuits
15.2.1. Monostable Multivibrator
15.2.2. Astable Multivibrator
15.2.3. The 5551C Timer
15.3. Digital Memory
15.3.1. Read-Only Memory
15.3.2. Static Random-Access Memory
15.3.3. Dynamic Random Access Memory
15.3.4. EPROM and EEPROM Memory Elements
15.4. Analog-to-Digital Interfacing
15.4.1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
15.4.2. Sample-and-Hold Circuit
15.4.3. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Summary
Design and Analysis Problems
Chapter 16. Electronic Design
16.1. An Overview of the Design Process
16.2. The Tools of Electronic Design
Summary of Design Principles
16.3. Open-Ended Design Problems
16.3.1. High-Current Adjustable DC Power Supply
16.3.2. Dynamic Microphone Amplifier
16.3.3. Rotating Shaft Controller
16.3.4. Motor Shaft Speed Indicator (Analog Tachometer)
16.3.5. Electronic Odometer for a Bicycle
16.3.6. Voice-Actuated Light Switch
16.3.7. Amplitude Modulator
16.3.8. Audio-Frequency Analog Wattmeter
16.3.9. Ambient Temperature Monitor
16.3.10. Hand-Proximity Electronic Musical Instrument
16.3.11. Hand-Operated Light Switch
16.3.12. Heart Rate Monitor
16.3.13. DC Nanoammeter
16.3.14. Low-Battery-Level Indicator
16.3.15. Function Generator
16.3.16. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) Battery Charger
16.3.17. AC Magnetic Field Meter
16.3.18. Model Train Controller
16.3.19. Low-Resistance Ohmmeter
16.3.20. Wireless Microphone
16.3.21. Transistor Curve Tracer
16.4. Analog Integrated-Circuit Design Problems
16.4.1. BJT Operational Amplifier #1
16.4.2. BJT Operational Amplifier #2
16.4.3. BiFET Operational Amplifier
16.4.4. CMOS Operational Amplifier
Appendix A. Physics of Semiconductor Devices
A.1. Electronic Materials
A.2. Qualitative Description of Holes
A.3. Impurities
A.3.1. Acceptor Atoms
A.3.2. Donor Atoms
A.4. Carrier Densities within a Semiconductor
A.5. Current Flow in a Semiconductor
A.5.1. Drift-Current Density
A.5.2. Diffusion-Current Density
A.5.3. Recombination of Excess Carrier Concentrations
A.5.4. Current-Density Gradient
A.5.5. Summary of Properties
A.6. Diffusion Gradient within a Semiconductor
A.7. Derivation of the v-i Characteristic of the PN Junction
A.7.1. Boltzmann Relations
A.7.2. Carrier Injection Mechanism
A.7.3. Diode Current Components
A.7.4. Correction for Depletion-Region Recombination
A.7.5. The pn Junction at Extreme Operating Points
A.8. The Bipolar Junction Transistor
A.8.1. BJT v-i Characteristic
A.8.2. Narrow Base Region of the BJT
A.8.3. The EbersโMoll Transistor Model
A.9. The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
A.9.1. Derivation of n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET v-i Characteristic for Small vps
A.9.2. Derivation of n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET v-i Characteristic for Large vps
Problems
Appendix B. Semiconductor Device and Integrated-Circuit Fabrication
B.1. An Overview of the Fabrication Process
B.2. Epitaxial Growth
B.3. Oxidation
B.4. Wafer Doping
B.5. Film Deposition
B.6. Wafer Etching
B.7. Lithographic Processing
B.8. AMOS Fabrication Sequence
B.9. A BIT Fabrication Sequence
Appendix C. Computer-Aided Circuit Design Using SPICE and PSpice
C.1. Use of SPICE
C.2. Capabilities of SPICE and PSPICE
C.3. Circuit Description
C.3.1. Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors
C.3.2. Independent Sources
C.3.3. Dependent Sources
C.3.4. The MODEL Statement
C.3.5. Semiconductors
C.3.6. Modeling Op-Amps in SPICE
C.3.7. Arbitrary Nonlinear Devices (Polynomial Sources)
C.3.8. Subcircuit Definitions
C.4. Types of Analyses
C.4.1. .DC (Large-Signal Transfer Characteristic)
C.4.2. .AC (Sinusoidal Steady-State Frequency Response)
C.4.3. .TRAN (Transient Analysis)
C.4.4. .TF (Smali-Signal Transfer Function)
C.4.5. .TEMP (Temperature Specification)
C.4.6. .IC (Initial Conditions)
C.4.7. .STEP (Parametric Sweep)
C.4.8. Other Analyses
C.5. Generating Output
C.6. References
Appendix D. Resistor Color Codes and Standard Values
Appendix E. Suggestions for Further Reading
Other Books about Electronics
Linear Circuit Theory
Operational Amplifier Circuits
Analog Integrated Circuits
Active Filters
Power Electronics and Devices
Digital Circuits and Devices
BiCMOS Circuits
Semiconductor Devices
Appendix F. Answers to Selected Problems
Index