Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Microbial World for Sustainable Development
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbes and the Sustainable Development Goals
1.2.1 No Poverty, Economic Growth and Industrial Innovation
1.2.2 Good Health Wellbeing, Clean Water and Sanitation
1.2.3 No Hunger
1.2.4 Education
1.2.5 Affordable Clean Energy
1.2.6 Reduced Inequality
1.2.7 Sustainable Cities and Communities
1.2.8 Global Climate
1.2.9 Life Below Water
1.2.10 Life on Land
1.2.11 Peace and Justice
1.2.12 Global Partnership for Development
1.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Insights into the Rhizospheric Microbes and Their Application for Sustainable Agriculture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rhizosphere Microbes: Role in Plant Health and Growth Promotion
2.3 Plant-Microbe Interactions
2.3.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
2.3.2 Mycorrhizae
2.3.3 Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes
2.3.4 Endophytes
2.4 Effect of Rhizosphere Microbes on Root Development
2.5 Impact of Rhizosphere Microbes on Host Immune System
2.6 Mechanisms Involved in Plant-Microbe Interactions
2.6.1 Siderophore Production
2.6.2 Quorum Sensing
2.6.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
2.6.4 Plant-Mediated Signaling
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Different Biofertilizers and Their Application for Sustainable Development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Biofertilizers
3.2.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
3.2.1.1 Rhizobium
3.2.1.1.1 Rhizobial Strain Selection for Inoculant Development
3.2.1.2 Azotobacter
3.2.1.3 Azospirillum
3.2.1.3.1 Characterization of Azospirillum Strain
3.2.1.3.2 Crop Response to Azospirillum Inoculation
3.2.1.4 Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus
3.2.1.5 Blue-Green Algae and Azolla
3.2.1.5.1 Production of Algae for Field Application
3.2.1.5.2 Method of Algae in Field Application
3.2.1.5.3 Azolla-Anabaena Symbiosis
3.2.1.5.4 On the Large-Scale Production of Azolla
3.2.1.6 Phosphate-Solubilizing and Phosphate-Mobilizing Microbes
3.2.1.6.1 Phosphate-Solubilizing Microorganisms (PSM)
3.2.1.6.2 Phosphate Mobilizing Microbes: Mycorrhizae
3.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbial Mediated Natural Farming for Sustainable Environment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Effect of Heavy Metals on Different Crops
4.3 Soil Health in Non-organic and Organic Farming Sites
4.4 Role of Microbes in Treatment of Soil Polluted with Xenobiotics
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Rhizosphere Manipulations for Sustainable Plant Growth Promotion
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
5.3 The Rhizosphere Microbiome
5.4 The Rhizosphere Microbiome-Mysterious Members?
5.5 Rhizosphere Microbiome Support Over Abiotic and Biotic Stresses
5.6 Manipulating the Rhizosphere for Sustainable Plant Growth Promotion
5.7 Induction of Soil Suppressive Ability Against Plant Pathogens Through Alterations
5.8 Effects of PGPR Inoculation on Resident Rhizosphere Microbes
5.9 The Process of Using Synthetic Communities for Plant Promotion
5.10 Framing the Artificial Rhizosphere Microbiome
5.11 Techniques Involved in Harnessing Plants and Engineer Beneficial Microbiomes
5.12 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Rhizospheric Microbes and Their Mechanism
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Organisms in the Rhizosphere
6.3 Beneficial Microbial Community
6.3.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
6.3.2 Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
6.3.3 Arbuscular-Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF)
6.4 Harmful Microbial Community
6.4.1 Pathogenic Fungi
6.4.2 Nematodes
6.5 Mechanism of PGPRs
6.5.1 Direct Mechanisms
6.5.1.1 Nutrient Acquisition
6.5.2 Indirect Mechanism
6.6 Challenges of Using PGPR as a Bioinoculant
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Endophytes and Their Applications as Biofertilizers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mode of Transmission of Endophytes
7.2.1 Vertical Mode of Transmission
7.2.1.1 Vertical Transmission Through Seeds
7.2.1.2 Vertical Transfer Through Pollens
7.2.2 Horizontal Mode of Transmission
7.3 Bacteria
7.4 Nitrogen-Fixing Endophytes
7.5 Fungal Endophytes
7.5.1 Classification of Endophytic Fungi
7.5.1.1 Class I Endophytic Fungi
7.5.1.2 Class II Endophytic Fungi
7.5.1.3 Class III Endophytic Fungi
7.5.1.4 Class IV Endophytic Fungi
7.6 Actinomycetes Endophytes
7.7 Algae Endophytes
7.7.1 Chlorella vulgaris
7.8 Methanogens as Endophytes
7.9 Transgenic Endophytes
7.10 Role of Endophytes as Biofertilizers
7.11 Plant Growth-Promoting Endophytes
7.12 IAA Production
7.13 Phosphate Solubilization
7.14 Siderophore Production
7.15 N2 Fixation
7.16 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate (ACC) Utilization
7.17 Biocontrol Activity by Endophytes
7.18 Role of Endophytes in Overcoming Oxidative Stress, Salinity, Drought, and Temperature Stress
7.19 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Microbial Action on Degradation of Pesticides
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Isolation and Enrichment of Pesticide-Degrading Microbes
8.3 Characterization of the Pesticide-Degrading Microbes
8.4 Microbial Activity Mechanism to Degrade Pesticides
8.4.1 Degradation of Parathion
8.4.2 Atrazine Degradation
8.5 Pesticides Used in the Agriculture
8.5.1 Steps in Biodegradation Mechanism
8.5.2 Factors Affecting Pesticide Degradation
8.5.3 Chemistry of Pesticide Degradation
8.5.4 Successful Biodegradation Process of Chemical Compound
8.6 Microbial Enzyme System
8.7 Enzyme System for Organophosphate Degradation
8.8 Cyclic Wave Voltammetry
8.8.1 Amperometry
8.8.2 Methodology
8.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Biofortification of Plants by Using Microbes
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 PlantsΒ΄ Hidden Hunger
9.1.2 Biofortification
9.1.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)
9.2 Microbe-Mediated Biofortification
9.2.1 General Mechanisms
9.2.2 Gene Upregulation
9.3 Common Nutritional Deficiency and Corresponding Biofortification Strategies
9.3.1 Biofortification for Iron Deficiency
9.3.2 Biofortification for Zinc Deficiency
9.3.3 Biofortification for Selenium Deficiency
9.4 Role of Biofortified food in human health
9.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 10: Microbial Biopesticides: Development and Application
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Discovery and Development of Microbial-Based Pesticides
10.3 Screening of Suitable Sampling Sites and Sampling
10.4 Isolation of Potential Microbial Candidates
10.5 Evaluating Bio-control Efficacy
10.6 Identification and Characterization
10.7 Strain Improvement
10.8 Selecting Microbial Candidate of Interest
10.9 Commercialization of Microbial-Based Biopesticides
10.10 Mass Production
10.11 Formulation of a Product
10.12 Field Testing
10.13 Evaluating Safety
10.14 Registration and Marketing
10.15 Development and Application of Nematophagous Fungi as Biopesticides
10.16 Nematophagous Fungi as Biopesticides
10.17 Productions of Biopesticides Using Nematophagous Fungi
10.18 Capsule Formulation Using Sodium Alginate
10.19 Formulation Using Rice and Sorghum Grain
10.20 Formulation Using Sugarcane Bagasse and Rice Bran
10.21 Cocktail Formulation
10.22 Application of Nematophagous Fungi Formulations
10.23 Commercialization of Nematophagous Fungi Formulations
10.24 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Microbial Consortia and Their Application for the Development of a Sustainable Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial Interactions
11.2.1 Mutualism
11.2.2 Commensalism
11.2.3 Antagonism
11.3 Applications of Microbial Consortia
11.3.1 Sustainable Agriculture
11.3.2 Waste Treatment and Pollution Control
11.3.2.1 Dyes
11.3.2.2 Organic Domestic Wastes
11.3.3 Bioenergy Generation
11.4 Future Aspects
References
Chapter 12: Microbial Engineering and Applications for the Development of Value-Added Products
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanoparticles Synthesis by Microbial Engineering
12.3 Microbial Enzymes
12.4 Nutraceuticals
12.5 Phytochemicals
12.5.1 Alkaloids
12.5.2 Terpenoids
12.6 Prebiotics
12.7 Polysaccharides
12.8 Poly Amino Acids
12.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Application in Sustainable Crop Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Rhizosphere and Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes
13.3 PGPR and Their Mode of Action
13.4 Effect of PGPRs on Plant Health Parameters
13.5 Role of PGPR as Biocontrol Agent
13.6 Role of PGPR Under Abiotic Stress Conditions
13.7 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi
13.8 Bioformulation
13.9 Soil Health
13.10 Physical Indicators
13.11 Chemical Indicators
13.12 Microorganisms as Biological Indicator of Soil Health
13.13 Role of Microbial Enzymes in Maintenance of Soil Health
13.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Reinstating Microbial Diversity in Degraded Ecosystems for Enhancing Their Functioning and Sustainability
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ecosystem Networks
14.3 Degradation of Biodiversity
14.4 Reinstating the Lost Biodiversity
14.5 Developed BMAs as Agents of Reinstating Biodiversity
14.6 Developed BMAs for Sustainable Agriculture
14.7 Developed BMAs for Environmental Bioremediation
14.8 Perspectives
14.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Recent Advancements and Mechanism of Microbial Enzymes in Sustainable Agriculture
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Microbial Enzymes Used in Bioremediation Process
15.2.1 Microbial Oxidoreductases
15.2.2 Microbial Oxygenases
15.2.3 Microbial Laccases
15.2.4 Microbial Peroxidase
15.2.5 Hydrolases
15.3 Importance and Mechanism of Microbial Enzymes in Maintenance of Soil Health
15.4 Circular Economy for SPs and Sustainable Development
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Application of Microbial Technology for Waste Removal
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Waste Management Practices
16.3 Microbial Technology
16.4 Effective Microorganism
16.5 Microbial Technology for Waste Removal
16.6 Microbial Technology for Solid Waste Treatment
16.6.1 Composting
16.6.1.1 Framework of Composting Process
16.6.1.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process
16.6.1.2.1 C/N Ratio
16.6.1.2.2 Temperature
16.6.1.2.3 Aeration
16.6.1.2.4 Moisture Content
16.6.1.2.5 Time
16.6.1.2.6 pH
16.6.1.3 Composting Methods
16.6.1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting
16.6.2 Aerobic Digestion
16.6.3 Anaerobic Digestion
16.6.3.1 Hydrolysis
16.6.3.2 Acidogenesis
16.6.3.3 Acetogenesis
16.6.3.4 Methanogenesis
16.6.3.5 Factors That Affect the Anaerobic Digestion Process
16.6.4 Bioremediation
16.6.4.1 Bioremediation Strategies
16.6.4.1.1 Culture-Dependent Approach
In Situ Remediation
Ex Situ Remediation
16.6.4.1.2 Culture-Independent Approach
16.6.4.1.3 Bioremediation of Rubber Waste
16.7 Roles of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment
16.8 Microbial Technology for Wastewater Treatment
16.8.1 Fixed-Film Processes
16.8.2 Activated Sludge
16.8.3 Biosorption Technology
16.8.4 Microbial Electrochemical Technology
16.8.5 Wastewater Treatment Using Oleaginous Microorganisms
16.8.6 Removal of Synthetic Dye Using Microbial Technology
16.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 17: Metagenomics: Insights into Microbial Removal of the Contaminants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Structural and Functional Metagenomics
17.3 Steps of Metagenomics
17.3.1 Designing of the Metagenomic Experiments
17.3.2 Sampling
17.3.3 Sample Fractionation
17.3.4 DNA Extraction
17.3.5 Preparation of the Inserts and Gene Cloning
17.3.6 DNA Sequencing
17.3.7 Quality Control
17.3.8 Marker Gene Analysis
17.3.9 Assembly
17.3.10 Gene Prediction
17.3.11 Annotation
17.3.12 Binning
17.4 Meta-science and Bioremediation
17.5 Role of Metagenomics in Bioremediation
17.6 Clinical Waste Management and Metagenomics
17.7 Future Perspective
References
Chapter 18: Methods of Strain Improvement for Crop Improvement
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Crop Improvement by Genetic Engineering
18.2.1 Genetically Modified Microbes
18.3 Intraspecific and Interspecific Gene Transfer
18.4 Genetic Modification Through Somatic Hybridization
18.4.1 Protoplast Fusion
18.4.2 Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer
18.4.3 Non-Agrobacterium-Based Gene Transfer
18.4.4 Viral-Mediated Gene Transfer
18.5 Mutagenesis and Crop Improvement
18.5.1 Site-Directed Mutagenesis
18.6 Bioinformatics Tools in Crop Improvement
18.7 Plant Tissue Culture in Crop Improvement
18.8 Immobilization of Microbes to Improve Soil Health and Crop Yield
18.8.1 Encapsulation of Bacterial Cells
18.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Microbial Technologies in Pest and Disease Management of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)
19.1 Introduction to Tea Pest and Diseases
19.2 Important Diseases of Tea
19.3 Important Pests of Tea
19.4 Microbes in Integrated Pest Management of Tea
19.5 Microbial Biopesticides Used in Disease Management in Tea
19.5.1 Biopesticides of Fungal Origin
19.5.2 Biopesticides of Bacterial Origin
19.6 Microbial Biopesticides in Insect Pest Management in Tea
19.6.1 Entomopathogenic Viruses
19.6.2 Entomopathogenic Fungi
19.6.3 Entomopathogenic Bacteria
19.7 Bioconsortium and Compatibility of Biopesticides with Chemicals
19.8 Microbe-Synthesized Nanoparticles in Tea Disease Management
19.9 Microbial Metabolites in Tea Pest and Disease Management
19.10 Endophytic Organisms in Tea Pest and Disease Management
19.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 20: Field Application of the Microbial Technology and Its Importance in Sustainable Development
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Microbial Biotechnology and Its Applications
20.2.1 Agriculture Technology
20.2.1.1 Biofertilizers
20.2.1.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
20.2.1.2.1 Mechanisms of Plant Growth PGPR
20.2.1.3 Nitrogen Fixation
20.2.1.4 Phosphate Solubilization
20.2.1.5 Siderophore Production
20.2.2 Food Technology
20.2.3 Chemical Technology
20.2.4 Recombinant Technology
20.2.5 Environmental Health and Microbial Technology
20.2.6 Wastewater Treatment
20.2.7 Oil Remediation
20.2.7.1 Remediation of the Petroleum Products
20.2.7.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation Mechanism
20.2.8 Radioactive Waste
20.3 Importance of Microbial Technology in Sustainable Development
20.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Solubilization of Micronutrients Using Indigenous Microorganisms
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Micronutrient Deficiencies
21.3 Micronutrients in Plants
21.4 Micronutrients, Ecosystems, and Environment
21.5 Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies
21.6 Indigenous Microorganisms (IMOs)
21.7 Nutrient-Solubilizing IMOs
21.8 Role of Nutrients in Microorganisms
21.9 Mechanisms of Solubilization/Mobilization Nutrients
21.10 Iron-Solubilizing IMOs
21.11 Mechanisms of Fe Metabolism
21.12 Manganese-Solubilizing IMOs
21.13 Mechanisms of Mn Solubilization
21.14 Zinc-Solubilizing IMOs
21.15 Mechanisms of Zn Solubilization
21.16 Copper-Solubilizing IMOs
21.17 Mechanisms of Cu Solubilization
21.18 Nickel-Solubilizing IMOs
21.19 Mechanisms of Ni Solubilization
21.20 Chlorine-Solubilizing IMOs
21.21 Mechanisms of Cl Solubilization
21.22 Boron-Solubilizing IMOs
21.23 Molybdenum-Solubilizing IMOs
21.24 Mechanisms of Mo Solubilization
21.25 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 22: Synergistic Interaction of Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs in Regulating Methane Emission
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Pathway for Methane Utilization
22.3 Cross-Feeding of Methane by NUM
22.4 Approaches Used to Study the Interaction of Methanotrophs and NUM
22.5 Interaction of Methanotrophs with Microbes of Different Functional Group
22.6 Importance of Interaction of Methane Utilizers with Non-methanotrophs in the Natural Ecosystem
22.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 23: Biopesticides: An Alternative to Synthetic Insecticides
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Biopesticides and Its Classification
23.2.1 Microbial Pesticides
23.2.2 Natural Biochemical Pesticides
23.2.3 Transgenics/Plant-Incorporated Products
23.2.4 Natural Enemies (Predators and Parasitoids of Insects)
23.3 Success Stories of Insect Pest Management Using Biopesticides
23.3.1 Controlling the Papaya Mealy Virus
23.3.2 Management of Sugarcane Wooly Aphid: Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehnt-ner
23.3.3 Biological Control Cassava Mealybug in Sub-Saharan Africa
23.3.4 Classical Biological Control of Terrestrial and Aquatic Weeds Using Insect Biocontrol Agents
23.3.5 Entomopathogenic Microorganisms: An Unsung Warrior of Biological Control
23.4 Status and Market Scenario of Biopesticides in India
23.5 Synthetic Pesticides Versus Biological Pesticides (Table 23.6)
23.6 Limitations/Constraints in the Promotion and Consumption of Biopesticides
23.7 Future Directions
23.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Impact of Pesticides on Microbial Population
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Recent Trend of Pesticides in India
24.3 Pesticide Production Scenario
24.4 Trade in Agro-chemicals
24.5 Effect of Insecticides on Microbes
24.6 Effect of Herbicides on Microbes
24.7 Pesticidal Impact on Processes of Decomposition
24.8 Pesticidal Impact on Nutrient Cycling
24.8.1 Effects on Nitrogen Transformations
24.8.2 Transformation of Sulphur
24.8.3 Availability of Trace Elements
24.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Microbe-Mediated Removal of Xenobiotics for Sustainable Environment
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Points of Xenobiotic Discharge
25.3 Classes of Xenobiotic Compounds
25.3.1 Halocarbons
25.3.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
25.3.3 Synthetic Polymer
25.3.4 Alkylbenzylsulfonates
25.3.5 Oil Mixture
25.4 Hazardous Effect of Xenobiotic Compound
25.5 Microbial Remediation of Xenobiotics
25.5.1 Bacterial Remediation
25.5.2 Myco-Remediation
25.5.3 Phytoremediation
25.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 26: Harnessing the Rhizomicrobiome Interactions for Plant Growth Promotion and Sustainable Agriculture: Mechanisms, Ap...
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizospheric Microbiome
26.3 Nutrient Acquisition by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizospheric Microbiome
26.3.1 Phosphate Solubilization
26.3.2 Nitrogen Fixation
26.3.3 Potassium Solubilization
26.3.4 Siderophore Production
26.3.5 Phytohormone Production
26.3.5.1 Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
26.3.5.2 Cytokinins and Gibberellins
26.3.5.3 Ethylene
26.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizospheric Microbiome as Biocontrol Agents
26.4.1 Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
26.4.2 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
26.4.3 Antibiosis
26.4.4 Production of Enzymes
26.4.5 HCN Production
26.4.6 Production of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
26.4.7 Production of Antifungal Agents
26.5 Rhizoremediation
26.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 27: Fungal Mycelium-Based Biocomposites: An Emerging Source of Renewable Materials
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Fungi Used in the Production of MBCs
27.3 Feeding Substrates for MBCs
27.4 Manufacturing Process of MBCs
27.5 Physical and Mechanical Properties of MBCs
27.6 Water Absorption Propensities
27.7 Fire Resistance, Insulating Capability, and Acoustic Properties
27.8 Improvement of Material Properties
27.9 Innovative Applications of MBCs
27.10 Architectural Designs Using MBCs
27.11 MBCs as Packaging Material
27.12 Mycelium-Based Sandwich Composites and Their Applications
27.13 MBCs in the Fashion Industry
27.14 Future Directions of MBC Research
27.15 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 28: An Endophytic Bacterial Approach: A Key Regulator of Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Responses of Drought in Plant
28.3 Mechanism of Drought Tolerance in Plants
28.4 Endophytic Bacteria: A Sustainable Approach to Reduce Drought Stress
28.5 Endophytic Bacteria Against Drought Stress
28.5.1 Direct Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion by Endophytic Bacteria
28.5.1.1 Nutrient Availability
28.5.1.2 Nitrogen
28.5.1.3 Phosphorus
28.5.1.4 Iron
28.5.1.5 Phytohormone Production
28.5.1.5.1 IAA Production
28.5.1.5.2 Cytokinin
28.5.1.5.3 Gibberellin
28.5.1.5.4 ABA Production
28.5.1.6 Control of Ethylene Level via ACC Deaminase
28.5.1.7 Indirect Mechanism of Plant Growth by Endophytic Bacteria
28.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References