Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Microbially Synthesized Nanoparticles
1: Microbial Nanomaterial Synthesis: Types and Applications
1.1 Introduction to Microbial Nanomaterial Synthesis
1.2 Microbial Nanomaterials, Types, and Formation
1.3 Mechanism of Microbial Nanomaterials Synthesis
1.4 Biotemplates of Microbial Nanomaterial Synthesis
1.4.1 Fungi Biotemplate
1.4.2 Bacteria Biotemplate
1.4.3 Viral Biotemplate
1.4.4 Microalgae Biotemplate
1.5 Application of Nanomaterials
1.5.1 Antimicrobial Agent
1.5.2 Food Microbiology
1.5.3 Cosmeceutical Industry
1.5.4 Clinical Microbiology
1.5.5 Drug Delivery
1.5.6 Agricultural Application
1.5.7 Environmental Application
1.6 Factors Affecting Microbial Nanomaterials
1.6.1 Method
1.6.2 Pore Size
1.6.3 Environment
1.6.4 Temperature
1.6.5 pH
1.6.6 Pressure
1.6.7 Proximity
1.6.8 Particle Shape and Size
1.7 Conclusion
References
2: Microbial Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Properties of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
2.2.1 Physical Properties of AuNPs
2.2.1.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
Surface-Enhanced Fluorescence (SEF)
Photothermal Conversion
Colorimetric Responses
2.2.1.2 Radioactivity
2.2.1.3 High Atomic Number
2.2.1.4 Tunability
2.2.2 Biochemical Properties of AuNPs
2.2.2.1 Biocompatibility
2.2.2.2 Ease of Coupling
2.2.2.3 Targeting
2.2.2.4 Delivery
2.3 Microbial Synthesis of AuNPs
2.3.1 Synthesis of AuNPs from Bacteria
2.3.2 Synthesis of AuNPs from Fungi
2.3.3 Synthesis of AuNPs from Algae
2.3.4 Synthesis of AuNPs from Viral Templates
2.4 Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
2.4.1 Visual Color and UV-Visible Spectroscopy
2.4.2 SEM Analysis
2.4.3 TEM Analysis
2.4.4 EDX/EDS Analysis
2.4.5 AFM Analysis
2.4.6 FTIR Analysis
2.4.7 XRD Analysis
2.4.8 DLS Analysis
2.4.9 XPS Analysis
2.5 Mechanism of Synthesis of AuNPs
2.6 Applications of AuNPs
2.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications of Gold Nanoparticles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods of Nanoparticles Production
3.3 Microbial Production of Nanoparticles
3.4 Microbial Strains for the Production of AuNPs
3.4.1 Synthesis by Bacterial Strains
3.4.2 Synthesis by Fungal Strains
3.4.3 Synthesis by Actinomycete
3.4.4 Synthesis Using Strains of Algae
3.5 Gold Nanoalloys
3.6 Gold Nanoconjugates
3.7 Gold Nanoparticles Properties and Characterization
3.7.1 Stability
3.7.2 Optical and Electronic Properties
3.7.3 Characterization
3.8 Mechanism Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis by Microbes
3.9 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles Produced by Microbes
3.10 Future Prospects
3.11 Conclusion
References
4: Fungal-Based Nanoparticles
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Biosorption
4.2.2 Bioreduction
4.3 Fungal-Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis
4.4 Mechanism of Myco-Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.4.1 Extracellular Mechanism
4.4.2 Intracellular Mechanism
4.5 Characterization of Fungal-Mediated Nanoparticles
4.6 Factors Affecting the Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi
4.6.1 pH
4.6.2 Temperature
4.6.3 Concentration of Metal Ions
4.6.4 Exposure Time to Substrate
4.6.5 Type of Enzyme Used
4.7 Applications of Fungal-Mediated Nanoparticles
4.7.1 Antibacterial Activity
4.7.2 Anticancer Activity
4.7.3 Antiviral Activity
4.7.4 Insecticidal Activity
4.7.5 Antifungal Activity
4.7.6 Agricultural Applications
4.8 Toxicity of Myco-Nanoparticles
4.9 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
5: Synthesis and Applications of Fungal-Mediated Nanoparticles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History of Nanotechnology
5.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis
5.4 Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
5.5 Mechanism of Fungal-Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of Nanoparticles
5.6 Applications of Mycogenic Nanoparticles
5.7 In Cancer Therapy
5.8 In Agriculture
5.9 In Drug Delivery Systems
5.10 In Cosmetics
5.11 Conclusion
References
6: Synthesis of Nanoparticles in Biofilms
6.1 Nanoparticles Synthesis
6.1.1 Chemical Routes
6.1.2 Microorganisms-Based Route
6.2 Biofilms
6.2.1 Life Cycle of a Biofilm
6.2.2 Beneficial Uses of Biofilms
6.3 Nanoparticles Synthesis by Using Biofilms
6.4 General Applications (Fig. 6.4)
6.4.1 Nanomedicine
6.4.1.1 Oral Treatments
6.4.1.2 Drug Delivery Systems
6.4.1.3 Anti-Functional Activities
6.4.1.4 Antibacterial Systems
6.4.2 Agriculture
6.5 Summary
References
7: Microbial Enzymes in Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.3 Microbial Enzymes in Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.3.1 Intracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.3.2 Extracellular Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.4 Applications of Nanoparticles
7.5 Application of Nanoparticles in the Food Industry
7.5.1 Applications of Nanoparticles in Agriculture
7.5.2 Applications of Nanoparticles in Theranostics
7.5.3 Role of Nanoparticles in Bioremediation
7.5.4 Applications of Nanoparticles in Cancer
7.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
Part II: Biomedicinal and Biotechnological Applications
8: Synthesis and Studies of TTAHOT: Macro, Micro and Nano Crystalline Composite for Electronic and Bio-Medicinal Use
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental
8.2.1 Synthesis and Crystallisation of TTAHOT Crystals
8.3 Analyses/Results
8.3.1 XRD of TTAHOT Crystals
8.3.2 DFT, Cell Parameters, Matrix, Atomic Data, and PLATON Plot by Theoretical Way
8.3.3 Hirshfeld Interactions, Molecular Model, Polyhedral, and Weak Interactions of TTAHOT Crystals
8.3.4 NLO, Phase Matching, and Frequency Enhancer of TTAHOT Crystals
8.3.5 Hardness and Tribological Studies of TTAHOT Crystals
8.3.6 Photoconductivity, Anti-diabetic, and Anti-oxidant, ORTEP Studies of TTAHOT Crystals
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusion
References
9: Growth and Characterizations of Red Bromide: The Pleochroism Based Crystals for Bio-Medicinal, Electronic and Mechano Uses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characterizations
9.2.1 XRD Data
9.2.2 CHNSO Data
9.2.3 Computational Data
9.2.4 Absorbance, Phase Matching, Photoconductivity, and Influx of the Red Bromide Crystals
9.2.5 Hardness and Bio-medicinal Impact of Red Bromide Crystals
9.3 Discussions
9.4 Conclusions
References
10: Nanodiagnostics for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Infectious Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Existing Diagnostic Methods and Their Limitations
10.3 Nanodiagnostics
10.4 Nanodiagnostics for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
10.5 Nanodiagnostics for Streptococcus pneumoniae
10.6 Nanodiagnostics for Salmonella typhi
10.7 Nanodiagnostics for Escherichia coli
10.8 Nanodiagnostics for Viral Infections
10.9 Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials
10.10 Future Challenges for Point-of-Care Diagnostics
10.11 Conclusions
References
11: Smart Drug Nanoparticles from Microorganisms and Drug Delivery
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Drug Delivery Systems (DDS)
11.3 Nanoparticles from Microorganisms
11.4 Important Properties of Microbes Made Suitable for Smart Drug Delivery Agents
11.4.1 Transcriptional Control by Light-Induced Optogenetics
11.4.2 Microbes Are Responsive to Magnetic Fields
11.4.3 An Oxygen-Driven Approach to Targeting
11.4.4 pH- and Thermoresponsive Drug Delivery Mechanisms for Bacteria
11.5 Smart Component Properties
11.6 Phase Transition Determinants
11.7 Smart Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery Systems
11.8 Current Challenges in the Development of Microbial-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems
11.9 Prospectus Applications and Studies
11.10 Conclusions
References
12: Bactericidal Effects: Microbial Nanoparticles as Next-Generation Antimicrobials
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Need of Nanoparticles in Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Microorganisms
12.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles from Microorganisms
12.2.1 Synthesis by Bacteria
12.2.2 Synthesis by Actinomycetes
12.2.3 Synthesis by Fungi
12.2.4 Synthesis by Yeast
12.2.5 Virus Particle-Based Synthesis
12.3 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials
12.3.1 Release of Soluble Metal Ions
12.3.2 Interaction of Nanoparticles with Bacterial Membrane
12.3.3 Inhibiting the Synthesis of Proteins and DNA
12.3.4 By Regulating Gene Expression
12.3.5 Oxidative Stress by ROS
12.3.6 By Adsorption
12.4 Factors Affecting Bactericidal Effects of NPs
12.4.1 Size
12.4.2 Shape
12.4.3 Roughness
12.4.4 Zeta Potential
12.4.5 Environmental Conditions
12.4.5.1 Temperature
12.4.5.2 pH
12.5 Role of Microbially Synthesised Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials
12.5.1 In Drug Resistance
12.5.2 In PDT (Photodynamic Therapies)
12.5.3 In Antibacterial Coating of Bioimplants
12.5.4 In Anti Biofouling and Antibiofilming
12.5.5 In Disinfections
12.5.6 Nanoparticle Antiparasitic Effect
12.5.7 In Treating Vector Borne Diseases
12.5.8 Inhibition of Pathogens in Macrophages
12.5.9 Reversion of Multidrug Resistance in Tumour Cells by Chitosan
12.6 Quantum Dots as Bactericidal
12.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13: Microbiologically Synthesized Nanoparticles and Their Role in Biofilm Inhibition
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis of Microbial Nanoparticles
13.3 Microorganism-Assisted Nanoparticle Synthesis Mechanism
13.4 Microbial Enzymes´ Nanoparticle Bioreduction of Metal, Metalloid, and Nonmetal Ions
13.5 Microbial Exopolysaccharides for Nanoparticle Synthesis
13.6 Microbial Biosurfactants for the Production of Nanoparticles
13.7 Microbial Nanoparticle Synthesis via Biomineralization
13.8 Magnetic Nanoparticles Made by Microbes
13.9 Stable Quantum Dot Nanoparticles Made by Microbes
13.10 The Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Microbial Organic Particles
13.11 Quorum Sensing
13.12 Mechanism of Gram-Negative Microorganism Quorum Sensing
13.13 Quorum Sensing Suppression by Microbiogenic Nanoparticles
13.14 Quorum Sensing Suppression by Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
13.15 Quorum Sensing Inhibition Using Microbiogenic Gold Nanoparticles
13.16 Quorum Sensing Suppression by ZnO Nanoparticles
13.17 Quorum Sensing Suppression by Various Other Nanoparticles
13.18 Conclusion
References
14: Microbially Synthesized Nanoparticles in Sustainable Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanomaterials in Agriculture
14.3 Nanofertilizers
14.4 Nanopesticides
14.5 Antibacterial and Antifungal
14.6 Prospectus
14.7 Conclusion
References
15: Applications of Microbially Synthesized Nanoparticles to Food Science
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Nanotechnology
15.1.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles (Fig. 15.1)
15.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
15.2.1 Nanotechnology in Food Processing
15.2.2 Prospects of Nanotechnology in Industry (Fig. 15.3)
15.2.3 Applications (Relevance of Nanoparticles in Food Science)
15.2.4 Effects of Nanoparticles
15.3 Conclusion
References
16: Biotechnological Implications of Extracellular Vesicles
16.1 General Conceptions
16.1.1 The History of EVs
16.1.2 Size, Morphology, and Contents of EVs
16.1.3 Database on EVs
16.2 Types and Origins of EVs
16.2.1 Vesicles of Prokaryotic Origin
16.2.1.1 Bacteria
16.2.1.2 Archaea
16.2.2 EVs of Eukaryotic Origin
16.3 Roles of EVs
16.3.1 Biological Roles
16.3.2 Environmental Roles
16.4 Analytical Techniques Applied to EVs
16.4.1 Isolation Methods Applied to EVs
16.4.1.1 Ultracentrifugation
16.4.1.2 Gradient Density Ultracentrifugation
16.4.1.3 Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
16.4.1.4 Affinity Chromatography
16.4.1.5 Other Isolation Methods
16.4.2 Methods to Characterize EVs
16.4.2.1 Particle Visualization
16.4.2.2 Particles Size and Concentration
16.4.2.3 EVs specific protein markers
16.5 Biotechnological Approaches of EVs
16.5.1 In Vitro Design and Elaboration of the EVs
16.5.2 Biomedical Applications
16.5.2.1 Cancer
16.5.2.2 Immunological Applications
16.5.2.3 Other Potential Therapeutic Biomedical Applications
16.6 Perspectives
References