Microbial Nanotechnology: Green Synthesis and Applications

✍ Scribed by Mohammad Azam Ansari; Suriya Rehman

• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 355
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
About the Editors
1: Prospectus and Development of Microbes Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Bacteria
1.2.1 Intracellular Production of Nanoparticles and Extracellular Production of Nanoparticles
1.3 Fungus-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
1.4 Viral Nanoparticles and Virus-Like Particles
1.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Algae
1.6 Advantages of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1.7 Disadvantages of Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
1.8 Future Perspectives
References
Section I: Microbial Green Synthesis
2: Prokaryotic and Microbial Eukaryotic System for the NP Synthesis
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Bio-Synthesis of NPs Using Microbes
2.2 Microorganism Mediated Synthesis
2.2.1 Mechanisms of MNPs Synthesis by Microbes
2.2.2 Extracellular Enzymes
2.2.3 Intracellular Enzymes
2.2.4 Ag Nanoparticles
2.2.4.1 Trichoderma Reesei Mediated Ag NPs
2.2.4.2 Usage of Bacillus subtilis
2.2.4.3 Usage of Probiotic Bacillus licheniformis
2.2.4.4 Usage of Anogeissus latifolia
2.2.4.5 Usage of Marine Sediment Fungi
2.2.4.6 Usage of Salmonella typhirium Extract
2.2.4.7 Using Aspergillus terreus
2.2.4.8 Usage of Macroalgae Spirogyra varians
2.2.4.9 Using Pestalotiopsis pauciseta
2.2.4.10 Using Endophytic Fungi Pestaloptiopsis pauciseta
2.2.4.11 Usage of Marine Nanoparticle for the Extraction of Metal Nanosized Particle
2.2.5 Au Nanosized Particles
2.2.5.1 Using Bacteria Enzyme
2.2.5.2 Using Bacillus marisflavi
2.2.5.3 Using Pseudomonas veronii AS41G
2.2.5.4 Using Filamentous Cyanobacteria
2.2.5.5 Usage of Galaxaura elongata
2.2.6 ZnO Nanosized Particles
2.2.7 Cu Nanoparticles
2.2.8 Bio-Synthesis Factories as Algae
2.3 Conclusion
References
3: Intracellular and Extracellular Microbial Enzymes and Their Role in Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bio-Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Enzymes Involved
3.2.1 Intracellular Synthesis
3.2.2 Extracellular Synthesis
3.3 Applications of Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Anticancer Tools
3.3.2 Anti-Microbial Activity
3.3.3 Degradation of Dyes
3.3.4 Dehalogenation
3.3.5 Heavy Metal Ions Removal
3.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects in Research and Development
References
4: Bacterial Synthesis of NPs and Their Scale-Up Technologies
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles
4.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles
4.1.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
4.1.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.1.5 Non-magnetic Nanoparticles
4.1.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles
4.2 Mechanism of Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Control of Size and Morphology of Nanoparticles
4.3 Demerits and Future Prospective
4.3.1 Selection of the Bacteria
4.3.2 Growth Conditions and Enzyme Activity
4.3.3 Stabilization of the Nanoparticles
4.3.4 The Extraction and Purification
4.3.5 Optimization and Scaling Up of the Nanoparticles
4.4 Conclusion
References
5: Fungal Biogenesis of NPs and Their Limitations
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Nanotechnology
5.1.2 Nanoparticles (NPs)
5.1.3 Metal NP Synthesis
5.1.4 Biosynthesis of NPs by Fungi
5.1.4.1 Intracellular Synthesis of NPs by Fungi
5.1.4.2 Extracellular Synthesis of NPs by Fungi
5.1.5 Mechanism Involved in the Synthesis of Nanoparticle Using Fungi
5.1.6 Various Experimental Parameters for the Fungal Synthesis of Metal NPs
5.2 Characterisation Techniques for NPs
5.2.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
5.2.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction Technique (XRD)
5.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
5.2.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.2.6 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX)
5.3 Limitations of Fungal Mediated NPs
5.3.1 Limitation of Nano Fertilizers
5.3.1.1 The Movement and Take-Up of NPs in Plants
5.3.1.2 Transformation and Collection of NPs in Plants
5.3.2 Nanomedicine
5.3.2.1 Biological Systems: A Test for Nanomedicine
5.3.2.2 Nanomedicine´s Social Setting: How Inside Irregularities Can Obstruct Progress
5.3.3 In Water Treatment, Basic Application Viewpoints
5.4 Conclusion
5.5 Future Perspective
References
6: Role of Viruses in Nanoparticles Synthesis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
6.2.1 Nanomaterial
6.2.1.1 Size
6.2.1.2 Particle Size Distribution
6.2.1.3 Surface Area
6.3 Application of Nanotechnology
6.4 Viruses as Nanomaterials
6.5 Different Types of VNPs/VLPs and their Roles
6.5.1 Plant Viruses
6.5.2 Icosahedral Plant VNPs and VLPs
6.5.2.1 Carnation Mottle Virus (CarMV)
6.5.2.2 Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV)
6.5.2.3 Maize Rayado Fino Virus (MRFV)
6.5.2.4 Sesbania Mosaic Virus (SeMV)
6.5.2.5 Brome Mosaic Virus (BMV)
6.5.2.6 Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus (CCMV)
6.5.2.7 Hibiscus Chlorotic Ringspot Virus (HCRSV)
6.5.2.8 Red Clover Necrotic Mottle Virus (RCNMV)
6.5.2.9 Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus (TYMV)
6.6 Role of VNPs in Therapeutic Interventions
6.7 Role of VNPs as Drug Delivery Agents
6.8 Role of VNPs Against Infectious Diseases
6.9 Conclusion with Future Perspective
References
7: Overview and Prospectus of Algal Biogenesis of Nanoparticles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Algal Role in Green Synthesis
7.3 Algal Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
7.3.1 Intracellular Mode
7.3.2 Extracellular Mode
7.4 Factors Affecting the Algal Mediated Biosynthesis of NPs
7.4.1 Temperature
7.4.2 pH of the Reaction Medium
7.4.3 Incubation Time
7.4.4 Algal Biomass Concentration
7.4.5 Illumination
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Protozoa: As Emerging Candidates for the Synthesis of NPs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles (NPs)
8.2.1 The Intracellular and Extracellular Synthesis of Nanoparticles(NPs) by Microorganisms
8.3 Protozoa for theSynthesis of BiocompatibleNanoparticles(NPs)
8.3.1 Advantages of Protozoa for Biosynthesis ofNanoparticles (NPs)
8.3.2 Plausible Mechanism(s) for theSynthesis of BiocompatibleNanoparticles (NPs)by Protozoa
8.4 Conclusion
References
SectionII: Application of Microbial Nanoparticles
9: Industrial Perspective of Microbial Application of Nanoparticles Synthesis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of NPs
9.3 Chemical and Physical Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.3.1 Chemical Synthesis
9.3.1.1 Sol-Gel Method
9.3.1.2 Pulsed Laser Method
9.3.1.3 Spray Pyrolysis
9.3.1.4 Co-Precipitation
9.3.2 Physical Methods
9.3.2.1 Mechanical/Ball Milling
9.3.2.2 Physical Vapor Deposition
9.4 Microbial-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
9.4.1 Bacterial-Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
9.4.2 Actinomycetes-Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
9.4.3 Fungal-Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
9.4.4 Microalgal-Biosynthesized Nanoparticles
9.4.5 Advantages of Biological Synthesis of NPs
9.5 Mechanisms of Microbial Synthesis of NPs.
9.6 Features of Biosynthesized NPs
9.6.1 Morphological Characterizations
9.6.2 Toxicity of Biosynthesized NPs
9.7 Potential Industrial Applications of Biosynthesized NPs
9.7.1 Applications of Nanoparticles for Wastewater Management
9.7.1.1 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants
9.7.1.2 Removal of Heavy Metals
9.7.1.3 Removal of Inorganic Compounds
9.7.1.4 Application of Biogenic NPs in the Textile Industry
9.7.1.5 Application of NPs in the Food Industry
9.7.1.6 Application of NPs in Agricultural Purposes
Nano-Fertilizers
Nanopesticides
9.7.2 Nanomedicine and Biomedical Application of Nanoparticles.
9.7.2.1 Antimicrobial activities and Cytotoxicity Agents
9.7.2.2 Drug Delivery System
9.7.2.3 Antitumor and Anticancer Agents
9.7.3 Biosensors Applications
9.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
10: Microbial Nanotechnology in Treating Multidrug-Resistance Pathogens
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Overview on MDR Mechanisms of Pathogens
10.2.1 MDR Mechanisms in Viral Pathogens
10.2.2 MDR Mechanisms in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Pathogens
10.2.2.1 Antimicrobial Efflux
10.2.2.2 Antimicrobial Uptake Prevention
10.2.2.3 Antimicrobial Inactivation and Alteration
10.2.2.4 Antimicrobial Targeted Site Modification
10.2.2.5 Biofilm Formation and Quorum Sensing
10.3 New Therapeutic Alternatives for Combating MDROs
10.3.1 Antimicrobial Combination Therapy
10.3.2 Antimicrobial Peptide Therapy
10.3.3 Antimicrobial Nanoparticle Therapy
10.4 Microbial Nanotechnology in Treating MDROs
10.4.1 Microbial NPs as Antibacterial Agents
10.4.2 Microbial NPs as Antiviral Agents
10.4.3 Microbial NPs as Antifungal Agents
10.4.4 Microbial NPs as Antiprotozoal Agents
10.5 Advantages and Challenges of Microbial NPs
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11: Microbial Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microbial NPs: An Insight into Cancer Theranostics
11.2.1 Microbes as Synthesizers of Anticancer NPs
11.2.2 Microbes as an Anticancer Agent
11.2.3 Microbe as a Sensing Agent
11.3 Genetically Engineered Microbes as Nanocarriers for Anticancer Nanoparticles
11.4 Challenges of Microbial NPs as Alternative Cancer Treatments
11.4.1 Diffusion and Penetration
11.4.2 Cytotoxicity and Immunogenicity
11.4.3 Biodegradability, Biocompatibility, and Pharmacokinetics
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
12: Role of Microbial Nanotechnology in Diagnostics
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microbial Synthesis of Nanoparticles
12.3 Advances in Microbial Nanotechnology in Diagnostics
12.3.1 Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
12.3.2 Role of Metal Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
12.3.3 Role of Fluorescent Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
12.3.4 Role of Peptide and Polymer-Based Nanoparticles in Diagnosis
12.4 Mechanism of Action for Antimicrobial Actions of Nanoparticles
12.5 Benefit Vs Limitation of Diagnostic Technology Based on Microbial Nanotechnology
12.6 Potential Non-Patient Applications for Infection Managements
12.6.1 Sterilization of Medical Implants
12.6.2 Prevention of Nosocomial Infections
12.6.3 Nano-Formulated Vaccines
12.7 Conclusion
References
13: Application of Microbial Nanotechnology in Agriculture
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Properties of Nanoparticles
13.2.1 Management of Soil Fertility
13.3 Delivery of Nutrients and Plant Hormones Using the Nanotechnology
13.4 Nano Biosensors
13.5 Nanoherbicides
13.6 Nanotechnology in Organic Farming
13.7 Role of Nanoparticles in Plant Disease Control
13.8 Conclusion
References
14: Management of Plant Fungal Disease by Microbial Nanotechnology
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Enhancement of Plant Resistance against Phytopathogenic Fungi using Microbial Nanoparticles
14.2.1 Microbes as Potential Source for Nanoparticles Production
14.2.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles using Microbes
14.3 Effect of Nanoparticles in Plant Fungal Disease Management
14.3.1 Antifungal Activity
14.3.2 Evaluation of Nanoparticles for the Management of Plant Diseases
14.4 Mechanism of Resistance offered by Microbial Nanoparticles against Plant Pathogenic Fungi
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Role of Microbial Nanotechnology in Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Heavy Metals and the Need to Remedy
15.3 Role of Microbes in Bioremediation
15.4 Microbial Nanotechnology
15.4.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Nanoparticles
15.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
16: Cosmetic and Medical Applications of Microbial Nanotechnology
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Bacteria Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
16.3 Silver NPs
16.4 Gold NPs
16.5 Magnetite NPs
16.6 Fungal-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
16.7 Algae Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
16.8 Advantages and Disadvantages
16.9 Applications of Nanoparticles
16.10 Drug Delivery
16.11 Diagnostic and Imaging Techniques
16.12 Antimicrobials and Vaccines
16.13 Molecular Imaging and Therapy
16.14 Neuro-Electronic Interfaces
16.15 Application of Nanoparticles in Cosmetics
16.16 Potential Hazards of Nanoparticles
16.17 Future Prospectus
References
17: Anti-microbial Nanocarriers: Role of Nanomaterials in Food Preservation, Quality Improvement and Control
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Anti-microbial Agents and Nanocarriers in Food Industry
17.2.1 Natural Anti-microbial Agents
17.2.1.1 Essential Oils
17.2.1.2 Anti-microbial Peptides
17.2.1.3 Organic Acids
17.2.2 Nanoparticles as Carriers for Anti-microbial Agents
17.2.2.1 Nanoemulsions
17.2.2.2 Nanoliposomes
17.2.2.3 Cyclodextrins
17.2.2.4 Biopolymers
17.3 Nanomaterials: Applications in Food Preservation and Quality Improvement
17.3.1 Food Packaging
17.3.2 Food Additives
17.3.3 Nanosensors
17.3.4 Quality Control
17.3.5 Nutraceuticals
17.3.6 Nanobiocatalysts
17.4 Toxicological Risks Associated with Food Industry Nanomaterials
17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References