Microbial endophytes: functional biology and applications

✍ Scribed by Kumar, Ajay(Editor);K, Radhakrishnan E(Editor)

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing; Woodland Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 420
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Microbial Endophytes: Functional Biology and Applicationsfocuses on endophytic bacteria and fungi, including information on foundational endophytes and the latest advances in relevant genomics, proteomics and nanotechnological aspects. The book provides insights into the molecular aspects of plant endophytes and their interactions and applications, also exploring the potential commercialization of endophytic microorganisms and their use as bio fertilizers, in biocontrol, and as bioactive compounds for other sustainable applications. Coverage of important and emerging legal considerations relevant to those working to implement these important bacteria in production processes is also included.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Copyright page......Page 0
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
1.1 - Introduction......Page 16
1.2 - The rhizosphere and its role in endophytic associations......Page 17
1.3 - Endophytes and host plant surfaces......Page 18
1.4 - Entry and colonization of plants by bacterial endophytes......Page 20
1.5 - Plant internalization and extraction of nutrients from microbes in the rhizophagy cycle......Page 22
1.6 - Genomic insights into host and endophyte interaction......Page 23
1.7 - Transmission of endophytes......Page 25
1.8 - Endophytic diversity......Page 26
1.9 - Conclusion or future prospective......Page 36
References......Page 37
2.1 - Introduction......Page 50
2.2 - Endophytic microorganisms......Page 51
2.4 - Endophytic bacterial colonization in plants......Page 52
2.6 - Molecular mechanisms of endophytic bacteria involved in its interactions with plants......Page 53
2.6.3 - Penetration and colonization of bacteria in the internal parts of the plant......Page 54
2.7.1 - Plant receptors......Page 55
2.8 - Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in plant growth promotion......Page 56
2.8.1 - Mobilization of nutrients......Page 57
2.8.3 - Production of phytohormones......Page 59
2.9 - Benefits of plant–endophytic interactions in biocontrol of plant diseases......Page 60
2.9.1 - Production of antimicrobial compounds......Page 61
2.9.3 - Induced systemic resistance......Page 62
References......Page 63
3.1 - Introduction......Page 72
3.2 - Bacterial endophytes and their diversity......Page 73
3.5 - Microbial production of IAA......Page 74
3.6 - ACC deaminase production......Page 78
3.8 - Nitrogen fixation......Page 79
3.11 - Competition......Page 80
3.12 - Antibiotics......Page 81
3.14 - Induced systemic resistance......Page 82
3.17 - Plant probiotics......Page 83
3.18 - Conclusions......Page 84
References......Page 85
4.1 - Introduction......Page 90
4.2 - Endophytes providing disease resistance and mode of action......Page 92
4.2.1 - Siderophores......Page 94
4.2.2 - Antibiotic production......Page 96
4.2.3 - Production of lytic enzymes......Page 99
4.2.4 - Induced systemic resistance......Page 100
4.2.4.1 - Mechanism of ISR mediated by endophytes......Page 101
4.3 - Endophytes providing ISR against wilt diseases......Page 104
4.4 - Optimization of bioactive metabolite production by endophytes through statistical approach......Page 106
4.5 - Bioformulation of endophytes......Page 107
4.6 - Challenges related to the development of endophytic formulation......Page 108
4.7 - Future prospective in endophytic research......Page 110
Acknowledgments......Page 111
References......Page 112
5.1 - Introduction......Page 122
5.2.1 - Hydro-priming......Page 124
5.2.5 - Hormonal priming......Page 125
5.2.8 - Bio-priming......Page 126
5.4 - Role of endophytes in seed priming......Page 127
5.5 - Future perspectives......Page 132
References......Page 133
6.1 - Introduction......Page 140
6.2.1 - Fungal colonization aspects......Page 142
6.2.1.2 - Spore germination......Page 143
6.2.1.3 - Tissue penetration......Page 144
6.2.1.4 - Tissue colonization/multiplication......Page 145
6.2.2.1 - Wheat germ agglutinin Alexa Fluor......Page 146
6.2.2.3 - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy......Page 147
6.3 - Mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to promote growth of plant......Page 148
6.3.1.1 - Signaling compounds......Page 149
6.3.1.2 - Enhance the absorption of nutrient......Page 151
6.3.2 - Indirect growth promotion mechanisms......Page 152
6.4.1.1 - Defense against insects......Page 153
6.4.1.2 - Defense against herbivores......Page 157
6.4.2.1 - Salinity stress tolerance......Page 158
6.4.2.3 - Temperatures stress tolerance......Page 159
6.4.2.4 - Heavy metal stress tolerance......Page 161
References......Page 162
7.1 - Introduction......Page 176
7.2 - How do endophytes help in stress tolerance?......Page 177
7.3.2 - Phosphate solubilization by the endophytes......Page 178
7.4.1 - Drought stress......Page 179
7.4.1.2 - Drought stress alleviation by the endophytes......Page 181
7.4.2 - Salinity stress......Page 183
7.4.2.2 - Salinity stress alleviation by the endophytes......Page 184
7.4.3 - Temperature stress......Page 185
7.4.3.2 - Cold stress alleviation by the endophytes......Page 186
7.4.4 - Heavy metal stress......Page 187
7.4.4.1 - Metal stress alleviation by the endophytes......Page 189
7.4.5 - Role of endophytes in nutrient starvation......Page 191
7.5.1 - Role of endophytes in biotic tolerance......Page 192
7.6 - Commercial applications of stress tolerant endophytes......Page 195
7.7 - Conclusion......Page 196
References......Page 197
8.1 - Introduction......Page 210
8.2 - Concept of bioformulation, composition, and microbial metabolites......Page 213
8.3 - Production and marketing constraints......Page 215
8.4 - Bioformulation as biocontrol agents......Page 221
8.5.1 - Solid Bioformulation......Page 222
8.5.2 - Liquid formulations......Page 223
8.6.1 - Bacterial-based plant biostimulants......Page 224
8.6.2 - Fungal-based Biostimulants......Page 226
8.7 - Mechanisms implicated in plant biostimulatory effects on crop productivity......Page 228
8.8 - Current Scenario/Market Trends......Page 230
8.9 - Regulatory framework......Page 231
8.10 - Conclusion......Page 232
References......Page 233
9.1 - Introduction......Page 242
9.2 - Microbial diversity......Page 244
9.3 - Omics–unraveling plant–endophytic interaction......Page 245
9.5.1 - Genes involved in nutrients acquisition......Page 249
9.5.2 - Genomics aspects of mitigation of abiotic stress tolerance by endophytes......Page 252
9.5.3 - Genomics of alleviating biotic stress in host plants by endophytes......Page 254
References......Page 256
10.1 - Introduction......Page 266
10.2.1 - Historical evolution of endophytic fungi......Page 267
10.2.3 - Entry of endophytic fungi into the host plant......Page 268
10.3 - Gene expression analysis......Page 269
10.4.1 - Plant growth through fungal secondary metabolites......Page 274
10.4.2 - Biotic stresses......Page 276
10.4.3 - Abiotic stresses......Page 277
10.5 - Conclusion and future prospects......Page 280
References......Page 281
11.1 - Introduction......Page 288
11.2 - Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants......Page 289
11.3 - Biodiversity and distribution of fungal endophytes......Page 290
11.4 - Biotechnological applications......Page 298
11.4.1.2 - Alkaloids......Page 301
11.4.1.5 - Depsidones......Page 302
11.4.1.8 - Esters......Page 303
11.4.1.11 - Peptides......Page 304
11.4.1.14 - Spirobisnaphthalenes......Page 305
11.4.3 - Bioactive compounds for human health......Page 306
Acknowledgments......Page 308
References......Page 309
12.1 - Introduction......Page 322
12.2.1 - Intracellular synthesis of metal nanoparticles......Page 324
12.2.2 - Extracellular synthesis of silver metal nanoparticles......Page 325
12.3 - Silver nanoparticles from endophytic fungi and their efficacy in biocontrol......Page 326
12.3.1 - Effect of nanoparticles against plant pathogenic fungi......Page 328
12.3.2 - Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles from fungal endophytes......Page 329
12.5 - Factors affecting the mycosynthesis of metal nanoparticles......Page 330
12.6 - Nanoparticles in plant disease management......Page 331
References......Page 332
Chapter outline head......Page 338
13.1 - Introduction......Page 339
13.2 - Incidence of microbial endophytes diversity......Page 340
13.3 - Comparison of native and alien endophyte inoculants......Page 341
13.4.1.1 - Production of phytohormones......Page 342
13.4.4 - Abiotic stress......Page 343
13.5.3 - Antagonism......Page 344
13.5.4 - Induced systemic resistance......Page 345
13.5.6 - Mode of action by entomopathogenic fungi......Page 346
13.5.8 - Development of endophyte inoculants......Page 347
13.5.11 - Stem inoculation......Page 348
13.6 - Commercialization of endophyte products for sustainable agriculture......Page 349
13.6.2 - Biofertilizers......Page 350
13.7 - Bio market......Page 351
13.7.5 - Challenges in endophyte commercialization......Page 352
13.8.3 - Genetic engineering......Page 353
References......Page 354
14.1 - Introduction......Page 364
14.2 - Endophytes and their patents......Page 367
14.3 - Microbe’s intellectual properties-related conflicts......Page 389
14.4 - Role of WIPO governing intellectual properties of microbial organisms......Page 391
14.5.1.1 - Revelation and requisite for submission......Page 393
14.6 - The Budapest Treaty......Page 394
14.6.1.1 - IDA and recognition of one submission......Page 395
14.6.1.3 - Safeguard of deposits......Page 396
14.6.1.4 - Implications of the term microorganism......Page 397
14.7 - Conclusion and prospects......Page 399
References......Page 400
Index......Page 404
Back cover......Page 420