Front Cover
Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the book
1 Threats and consequences of untreated wastewater on freshwater environments
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is sewage?
1.3 Contaminant sources of emerging concerns
1.3.1 Wastewater
1.3.2 Sewage sludge
1.3.3 Urban solid waste
1.4 Fate of contaminants
1.5 Ecological risk and health assessment of emerging contaminant in untreated water
1.6 Untreated wastewater as a cause of antibiotic resistance
1.7 Impact of wastewater on cities
1.8 Impact of wastewater on industry
1.9 Impact of wastewater on agriculture
1.10 Impact of wastewater on natural bodies of water
1.11 Impact of untreated wastewater on microbial diversity
1.12 Impact of wastewater in aquatic environments
1.13 Biologic hazards in aquatic environments
1.14 Major threats
1.15 Why should wastewater be treated?
1.16 Challenges and opportunities
1.17 Conclusion
References
2 Unraveling a correlation between environmental contaminants and human health
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Environmental toxicology and related human health risks
2.2.1 Air pollution
2.2.2 Hazard effect on health
2.2.3 Nonpoint source pollution
2.2.4 Chemical pollution from the environment
2.3 The environmental impact of chemical fertilizers and excessive fertilizers on water quality
2.3.1 Oxygen consumption
2.3.2 Weed growth and algae bloom
2.4 Method to reveal the relationship between human body, environment, and emotion data
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Effect of wastewater from industries on freshwater ecosystem: threats and remedies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Saline wastewater: its impact and treatment
3.2.1 Effect of salinity on freshwater ecosystem
3.3 Food-processing industry wastewater
3.4 Leather industry wastewater
3.5 Effluents from petroleum industry
3.6 Plastic industries and micro- and nanoplastic in freshwater ecosystem
3.6.1 Effect of microplastic on freshwater ecosystem
3.7 Effect of different wastewater from industries on freshwater organisms
3.8 Remedies to reduce industrial effluents
3.9 Conclusion
References
4 Credibility on biosensors for monitoring contamination in aquatic environs
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Major sources of water pollution
4.3 Biosensors
4.3.1 Biosensors for the detection of heavy metals
4.3.1.1 Enzyme-based biosensors
4.3.1.2 Protein-based biosensor
4.3.1.3 Antibody-based biosensor
4.3.1.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid-based biosensor
4.3.1.5 Naturally occurring whole-cell biosensor
4.3.1.6 Genetic engineering-based biosensor
4.3.2 Biosensors for the detection of microorganisms
4.3.2.1 Optical biosensors
4.3.2.2 Electrochemical biosensor
4.3.3 Biosensors for the detection of organic pollutants
4.3.3.1 Organic pollutants
4.3.3.2 Optical biosensors
4.3.3.3 Electrochemical biosensors
4.3.3.4 Thermal biosensors
4.4 General limitations, challenges, and future prospects of biosensors in wastewater monitoring
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Microbial systems, current trends, and future prospective: a systemic analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microbiology for soil health, environmental protection, and sustainable agriculture
5.3 Future prospects of environmental microorganisms
5.4 Microbial pesticides
5.5 Microorganismsโ impending visions
5.6 Interconnections between plants and soil microorganisms
5.7 Plant acquisition of nutrients: direct uptake from the soil
5.7.1 Mycorrhizal interactions with plants
5.8 Conclusion and remark
References
6 Microbial consortia for pollution remediationโSuccess stories
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioremediation
6.3 Microbial consortiaโa multispecialized biological system for bioremediation
6.4 Microbial consortia and degradation of pollutants
6.4.1 Degradation of petroleum components
6.4.2 Remediation of wastewater
6.4.3 Degradation of industrial dyes
6.4.4 Remediation of other organic pollutants
6.5 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
7 Biological transformation as a technique in pollution decontamination
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biological transformation
7.3 Biological transformation classes
7.3.1 Biotransformation
7.3.1.1 Biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds
7.3.1.2 Biotransformation of metals and metalloids
7.3.1.3 Biotransformation of phenol compounds
7.3.1.4 Biotransformation of pesticides
7.3.1.5 Biotransformation of real effluents
7.3.2 Phytotransformation
7.3.2.1 Phytotransformation of fluorinated compounds
7.3.3 Mycotransformation
7.3.3.1 Mycotransformation of pesticides
7.3.3.2 Mycotransformation of metals
7.3.3.3 Mycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds
7.3.3.4 Mycotransformation of phenol compounds
7.3.3.5 Mycotransformation of dyes
7.3.4 Phycotransformation
7.3.4.1 Phycotransformation of metals and metalloids
7.3.4.2 Phycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds
7.3.5 Zootransformation
7.3.5.1 Zootransformation of fluorinated compounds
7.3.5.2 Zootransformation of metals and metalloids
7.4 Factors influencing biological transformation
7.5 Functional genes implicated in biological transformation
7.6 Enzymes involved in biological transformation
7.7 Nanomaterial biological transformation
7.8 Cometabolic biological transformation
7.8.1 Cometabolic biotransformation
7.8.2 Cometabolic phycotransformation
7.9 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
8 Role of polyphosphate accumulating organisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Natural occurrence of polyphosphate accumulating organisms
8.3 Microbiology of EBPR and polyphosphate accumulating organisms
8.4 Biochemistry of EBPR and phosphate accumulating organism
8.5 EBPR with acetate as a carbon source
8.6 EBPR metabolism with substrates other than acetate
8.7 Enzymes involved in poly P metabolism
8.7.1 Poly P synthesis
8.7.2 Poly P degradation
8.8 EBPR configurations
8.8.1 Mainstream process
8.8.1.1 A/O or A2/O
8.8.1.2 University of Cape Town-modified process
8.8.1.3 Johannesburg configuration
8.8.2 Sidestream
8.8.2.1 PhoStrip
8.8.2.2 Biologicalโchemical phosphorous and nitrogen removal configuration
8.8.3 Cycling system
8.8.3.1 Biodenipho process
8.8.3.2 Oxidation ditch design
8.9 Parameters to consider in EBPR process
8.9.1 Temperature
8.9.1.1 Recent research on EBPR process in tropical conditions
8.9.2 Carbon source and wastewater composition
8.9.3 pH
8.9.4 Sludge age
8.9.5 Recycle of nitrates
8.9.6 Sludge phosphorous content
8.10 Criteria to monitor effective EBPR process
8.11 Transfer of energy pathway genes in microbial enhanced biological phosphorous removal communities
8.12 Novel and potential EBPR system
8.13 Conclusion and future perspective
References
9 Genetically engineered bacteria: a novel technique for environmental decontamination
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Environmental contaminants
9.2.1 Heavy metal contamination
9.2.2 Dye-based hazardous pollutants
9.2.3 Radioactive compounds
9.2.4 Agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers
9.2.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants
9.2.6 Polychlorinated biphenyls
9.3 Genetically engineered bacteria and their construction
9.4 Genetically engineered bacteria for a sustainable environment
9.4.1 Remediation of toxic heavy metals
9.4.2 Bioremediation of dye by engineered bacteria
9.4.3 Bioremediation of radionuclides
9.4.4 Bioremediation of agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers
9.4.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminants
9.4.6 Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls
9.5 Factors affecting bioremediation from genetically engineered bacteria
9.6 Limitations and challenges of in-field release of genetically engineered bacteria
9.7 Survivability and sustenance of genetically engineered bacteria
9.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
10 An eco-friendly approach for the degradation of azo dyes and their effluents by Pleurotus florida
10.1 Introduction
10.2 White-rot fungi
10.2.1 Oyster mushroom or Pleurotus florida
10.3 Textile dyes
10.3.1 Description of dyes
10.4 Scenario of textile dyes utilized in India
10.5 Explication of dyeing process in textile industries
10.6 Hallmarks of wastes effected by the textile industry
10.7 Impact of textile dyes on environment
10.8 Dye decolorization methods
10.8.1 Physical method
10.8.2 Chemical method
10.8.3 Biological method
10.9 Oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes of Pleurotus florida used in decolorization of azo dyes
10.9.1 Laccase (E.C 1.10. 3.2)
10.9.2 Manganese peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.13)
10.9.3 Lignin peroxidase
10.10 Factors influencing the dye decolorization
10.10.1 Influence of pH and temperature
10.10.2 Impact of nitrogen source
10.10.3 Influence of carbon source
10.10.4 Concentration of dye
10.10.5 Consequence of redox mediators
10.10.6 Repercussion of azo dye structure
10.11 Toxicity of decolorization products and evaluation methods
10.12 Conclusion
References
11 Endophytic Microbes: Bioremediation of soil contaminants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Endophytic microbes
11.3 Plant growth-promoting bacteria
11.4 Mechanisms involving endophyte-mediated phytoremediation enhancement
11.4.1 Direct ways of phytoremediation via endophytes
11.4.1.1 Biodegradation
11.4.1.2 Cometabolization
11.4.1.3 Metal extraction
11.4.1.4 Bioaccumulation
11.4.2 Indirect ways to promote phytoremediation via endophytes
11.4.2.1 Plant nutrient supply
11.4.2.2 Plant growth regulation
11.4.2.3 Stress alleviation
11.4.2.4 Biocommunication and metabolite sharing
11.5 Functions of endophytes in pollutant bioremediation
11.6 Role of endophytes in plant growth promotion
11.6.1 Biofertilization
11.6.2 Potential source of bioactive constituents
11.6.3 Biocontrol activities
11.6.4 Nutrient cycling
11.6.5 Biodegradation and bioremediation
11.7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
12 Fungi, eukaryotic microorganisms involved in bioremediation of contaminated environments
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Environmental contamination
12.3 Types of environmental contamination
12.3.1 Air contamination
12.3.2 Water contamination
12.3.3 Soil contamination
12.4 Bioremediation
12.4.1 In situ bioremediation
12.4.1.1 Natural attenuation
12.4.1.2 Bioventing
12.4.1.3 Biostimulation
12.4.1.4 Bioaugmentation
12.4.1.5 Biosparging
12.4.2 Ex situ bioremediation
12.4.2.1 Composting
12.4.2.2 Landfarming
12.4.2.3 Biopiles
12.4.2.4 Bioreactors
12.4.2.5 Bioslurry
12.5 Fungi and its significant role in bioremediation
12.6 Types of fungi involved in bioremediation
12.7 Fungal interactions with microorganisms or superior organisms for bioremediation
12.8 Bioremediation mechanisms developed by fungi
12.9 Fungal genes and enzymes involved in bioremediation
12.10 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
13 Biosurfactants for the recovery and remediation of oil and petroleum waste
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Classification of biosurfactants and their microbial origin
13.1.2 Properties of biosurfactants to be used in pollutant remediation
13.2 Biosurfactants in petroleum industries
13.2.1 Characteristics of biosurfactants to be used in petroleum industry
13.2.2 Oil waste treatment using biosurfactants
13.2.3 Mechanism for recovery and removal of oil
13.2.4 Extraction of crude oil by the use of biosurfactants
13.2.5 Biosurfactants for the transportation of crude oil
13.2.6 Cleaning of oil storage vessels for oil recovery
13.3 Biosurfactants for oil waste treatment and bioremediation
13.4 Biosurfactants as demulsifying agents
13.5 Bioremediation of oil waste and spilling
13.6 Biodegradation of diesel by biosurfactants
13.7 Bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites by biosurfactants
13.8 Conclusion
References
14 Biofilm: a doable microbial continuum for the treatment of wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanism of biofilm formation
14.2.1 Three major events of microbial extracellular biofilm formation
14.2.1.1 Adherence on surfaces
14.2.1.2 Maturation
14.2.1.3 Dispersion
14.3 Biofilm-producing microbes
14.3.1 Why do microbial cells grow as biofilm?
14.4 Types of biofilm system for wastewater treatment
14.4.1 Trickling filters
14.4.2 Rotating biological contactor system
14.4.3 Constructed wetland system
14.4.4 Membrane bioreactors
14.5 Factors affecting biofilm-based wastewater treatment
14.5.1 Effects of nutrients, pH, and temperature
14.5.2 Surface topography
14.5.3 Velocity, turbulence, and hydrodynamics
14.5.4 Gene regulation and quorum sensing
14.5.5 Production of extracellular polymeric substances
14.5.6 Extracellular DNA
14.5.7 Divalent cations
14.6 Wastewater pollutants remediated by biofilms
14.7 Research paradigm on biofilm
14.8 Conclusion
References
15 Biotechnology: the sustainable tool for effective treatment of wastewater
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Classification of biodegradation processes
15.2.1 Bacterial biodegradation
15.2.2 Algal biodegradation
15.2.3 Fungal biodegradation
15.3 Factors affecting biodegradation process: an overview
15.3.1 Effects of dye concentration
15.3.2 Effects of molecular structure
15.3.3 Effects of pH
15.3.4 Effects of temperature
15.3.5 Effects of nitrogen content
15.3.6 Effects of impurities
15.3.7 Effects of agitation
15.3.8 Effects of aerobatic conditions
15.4 Bacterial biodegradation and biodecolorization
15.4.1 Mechanism of bacterial dye degradation
15.4.2 Mechanism that involves enzymatic tool
15.4.2.1 Decolorization through azoreductase
15.4.2.2 Decolorization by nonspecific reductases
15.4.2.3 Decolorization by lignin peroxidase
15.4.2.4 Decolorization through laccases
15.4.2.5 Decolorization by polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase)
15.4.2.6 Veratryl alcohol oxidase
15.4.3 Mechanism that involves redox mediator/electron shuttle
15.4.4 Mechanism that involves biogenic reductants
15.4.5 Factors affecting bacterial decolorization
15.4.5.1 The pH of the medium
15.4.5.2 Effects of temperature change
15.4.5.3 Effects of dissolved oxygen
15.4.5.4 Effects of agitation
15.4.5.5 Effects of saline condition
15.4.5.6 Effects of carbon/nitrogen supplement
15.4.5.7 Effects of the dyeโs structure
15.4.5.8 Effects of the dyeโs concentration
15.4.5.9 Effects of aeration supply
15.5 Fungal biodegradation and biodecolorization
15.5.1 Mechanism of mycoremediation
15.5.2 Biosorption
15.5.2.1 Factors affecting biosorption
15.5.3 Bioaccumulation
15.5.4 Biodegradation
15.5.5 Advantage of fungal biodegradation and biodecolorization
15.6 Algal biodegradation and biodecolorization
15.6.1 Dye-ion accumulation and biocoagulation
15.6.2 Diffusion
15.6.3 Biocoagulation
15.6.4 Factors affecting algal biodegradation
15.6.4.1 pH
15.6.4.2 Temperature
15.6.4.3 Dye concentration
15.7 Future prospectus: an importance
15.7.1 Energy requirement
15.7.2 Coculture application
15.7.3 Bioreactor for effective decolorization of textile dyes
15.7.4 Techniques used for the characterization
15.7.5 Identification of intermediates
15.7.6 Identification of degradation products
15.7.7 Assessment of detoxification of dye degradation products
15.8 Conclusion
References
16 Microbial decontamination: economic and environmental benefits
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Textile industry wastewater
16.3 Treatment of textile industrial effluent
16.3.1 Bacterial biodegradation of textile effluents
16.3.1.1 Microbial mechanism of azo dye decomposition
16.3.2 Phycoremediation: algal decomposition and decolorization of fabric dyes
16.3.3 Mycoremediation: fungiโs role in decomposition and decolorization of synthetic dyes
16.3.4 Decontamination of textile effluent by yeast
16.3.5 Enzymatic degradation of textile effluents
16.4 Decontamination of textile industry effluent via biosorption
16.4.1 Mechanisms of biosorption
16.5 Environmental perspectives
16.5.1 Detrimental impacts to living bodies
16.5.2 Impacts on humans beings
16.5.3 Effects on water bodies
16.6 Conclusion
16.7 Future perspectives
References
Index
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