Microbial Bioremediation & Biodegradation

✍ Scribed by Maulin P. Shah (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 547
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Microbial or biological degradation has long been the subject of active concern, and the rapid expansion and growing sophistication of various industries in the last century has significantly increased the volume and complexity of toxic residues of wastes. These can be remediated by plants and microbes, either natural origin or adapted for a specific purpose, in a process known as bioremediation. The interest in microbial biodegradation of pollutants has intensified in recent years in an attempt to find sustainable ways to clean contaminated environments. These bioremediation and biotransformation methods take advantage of the tremendous microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a variety of compounds, such as hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, polaromatic hydrocarbons pharmaceutical substances, radionuclides and metals. Unlike conventional methods, bioremediation does not physically disturb the site. This book describes the basic principles of biodegradation and shows how these principles are related to bioremediation. Authored by leading, international environmental microbiologists, it discusses topics such as aerobic biodegradation, microbial degradation of pollutants, and microbial community dynamics. It provides valuable insights into how biodegration processes work and can be utilised for pollution abatement, and as such appeals to researchers and postgraduate students as well as experts in the field of bioremediation.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editor
1: Bioremediation Approaches for Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater: Recent Advances and Challenges
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater Generation and its Characteristics
1.3 Distribution and Structural Components of Lignin
1.4 Environmental Fate of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater
1.5 Biological Treatment Methods of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater
1.5.1 Aerobic Treatment Process
1.5.1.1 Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation Process for Efficient Treatment of Pulp Paper Effluent
Bacterial Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation
Fungal Bioaugmentation/Biostimulation
Algal Treatment (Phycoremediation)
1.5.2 Anaerobic Treatment
1.6 Ligninolytic Enzymes in Degradation and Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater
1.7 Emerging Approaches for Pulp and Paper Industry Waste Treatment
1.7.1 Phytoremediation Approaches
1.7.2 Vermiremediation
1.8 Two-Stage Sequential/Phase Separation/Sequential/Combined Approaches for Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater Treatment
1.9 Challenges and Future Prospects
1.10 Conclusion
References
2: Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Heavy Metals
2.3 Environmental Impact
2.3.1 Effect of Heavy Metal Contamination
2.4 Human Health Hazards
2.4.1 Acceptance Limits of Various Heavy Metals
2.4.2 Indian Rivers Polluted with Heavy Metals
2.4.3 Indian Scenario
2.4.3.1 Delhi
2.4.3.2 Bangalore (Karnataka)
2.4.3.3 Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu
2.4.3.4 Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
2.4.3.5 Malwa Region (Punjab)
2.5 Remediation Techniques of Heavy Metal Degradation and Removal from Contaminated Sites
2.6 Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
2.6.1 Mechanisms of Microbial Heavy Metal Bioremediation
2.6.2 Factors that Affect Microbial Heavy Metal Degradation Capacity
2.7 Advancements in Microbial Technologies for Promising Heavy Metal Removal from the Environment
2.8 Challenges
2.9 Control Measures
References
3: Dyes: Effect on the Environment and Biosphere and Their Remediation Constraints
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effect of Dyes on the Environment and Biosphere
3.3 Technologies for Dye Removal
3.3.1 Physicochemical Technologies
3.3.1.1 Limitations of Physicochemical Technologies
3.3.2 Biological Technology
3.3.2.1 Bioremediation Is Still an Empirical Science!
3.4 Evolved Integrated Technologies
3.5 Perspective
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Microbial Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons, Heavy Metals, and Radioactive Wastes in Solids and Wastewaters
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heavy Metals
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
4.2.3 Bioremediation: Heavy Metal Removal
4.2.3.1 Biotransformation
4.2.3.2 Biosorption
4.2.3.3 Bioaccumulation
4.2.3.4 Bioleaching
4.3 Radioactive Wastes
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Microorganisms and Treatment of Radioactive Wastes
4.4 Hydrocarbon Wastes
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Bioremediation: Hydrocarbon Waste
4.4.2.1 Alkanes: Bioremediation and Biodegradation
4.4.2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Bioremediation and Biodegradation
4.4.2.3 Phenols: Bioremediation and Biodegradation
4.4.2.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Bioremediation and Biodegradation
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
5: Advancement of Omics: Prospects for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Traditional Technologies for Soil Remediation
5.2.1 Physical Remediation
5.2.2 Chemical Remediation
5.2.3 Biological Remediation
5.3 Traditional Tools of Omics
5.4 Advanced Omic Tools
5.5 Application of Omic Tools in Bioremediation
5.6 Future Prospects
References
6: Microbial Biotransformation of Hexavalent Chromium [Cr(VI)] in Tannery Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Toxicity of Cr(VI) to the Environment and its Mechanism in Microbial Cell
6.3 Bioremediation of Cr(VI)
6.3.1 Biosorption of Chromium by Microorganisms
6.3.1.1 Biosorption Mechanisms
6.3.2 Bioaccumulation of Chromium
6.4 Microbial Mechanism of Cr(VI) Reduction to Cr(III)
6.4.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) by Microbes Under Aerobic Condition
6.4.2 Reduction of Cr(VI) by Microbes Under Anaerobic Condition
6.4.3 Enzyme-Mediated Cr(VI) Reduction
6.4.3.1 Extracellular Cr(VI) Reduction
6.4.3.2 Intracellular Cr(VI) Reduction
6.5 Role of Microbial Consortium in Cr(VI) Remediation from the Tannery Effluent
References
7: Bioremediation: A Low-Cost and Clean-Green Technology for Environmental Management
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and the Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals
7.2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
7.2.2 Importance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Environments Contaminated with Heavy Metals
7.2.3 Glomalins
7.2.4 Mycorrhizae and their Role in Decreasing Heavy Metals
7.3 Microbial Biotechnology and its Application in the Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils
7.3.1 Microbial Biotechnology and Pollution
7.3.2 Microorganisms Present in Contaminated Soils
7.3.3 Use and Application of Microorganisms in Soil Bioremediation
7.3.4 Metagenomic Approaches Applied to Soil Bioremediation
7.3.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
7.4 Phytoremediation
7.4.1 Definition and Scope of Phytoremediation
7.4.1.1 Mercury
7.4.1.2 Arsenic
7.4.1.3 Lead
7.4.1.4 Chromium
7.4.1.5 Hydrocarbons
7.4.2 Removal of Enterobacteria
7.4.3 Types of Plants According to their Phytoremediation Capacity
7.4.3.1 Species Used in Phytoremediation
7.4.4 Characteristics of a Phytoremediator Species
7.4.5 Parameters to Determine the Phytoremediation Aptitude of a Plant
7.4.6 Mechanisms for Elimination of Pollutants by the Plant (Table 7.3)
7.4.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Phytoremediation
References
8: Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Wastewater
8.1 Introduction
8.2 PPCPs
8.2.1 Exposure Route of PPCPs in the Environment
8.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs
8.2.2.1 Occurrence of PPCPs in Wastewaters
8.2.2.2 Occurrence of PPCPs in Surface Waters
8.2.2.3 Occurrence of PPCPs in Groundwater
8.2.2.4 Occurrence of PPCPs in Other Sources
8.2.3 Removal in Physicochemical and Biological Systems
8.2.3.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes
8.2.3.2 Membrane Separation Processes
8.2.3.3 Biological Processes
8.2.4 Effects of PPCPs on the Ecosystem
8.3 Fate of PPCPs in Biological Systems
8.3.1 Removal Efficiencies in Conventional Biological Systems
8.3.2 Removal Mechanisms
8.3.3 Factors Affecting PPCP Removal
8.4 Selected Pharmaceutical Removal in Suspended Biomass System
8.4.1 Application of CCD in Batch Biomass Systems
8.4.2 MNZ and ACE Removal in Batch Biosystems
8.4.3 Effect of C/N Ratio on MNZ Removal
8.5 Summary and Future Direction
References
9: Extremophiles: A Powerful Choice for Bioremediation of Toxic Oxyanions
9.1 Extremophiles
9.2 Metalloid Oxyanions and their Toxicity
9.2.1 Arsenoxyanions
9.2.2 Selenoxyanions
9.2.3 Chromoxyanions
9.2.4 Telluroxyanions
9.3 Remediation Techniques
9.3.1 Physical Remediation
9.3.2 Chemical Remediation
9.3.3 Bioremediation
9.4 Metalloid Oxyanion Detoxification Mechanisms
9.4.1 Halophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.2 Halotolerant and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.3 Halophilic Archaea and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.4 Alkaliphiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.5 Haloalkaliphiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.6 Acidophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.4.7 Thermophiles and Toxic Oxyanions Bioremediation
9.5 Concluding Remarks
References
10: Conventional and Nonconventional Biodegradation Technologies for Agro-Industrial Liquid Waste Management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Issues Associated with ALW
10.3 Biological Technologies for ALW Management
10.4 Conventional Technologies
10.4.1 Vermicomposting
10.4.2 Biogas Production
10.4.3 Utilization of ALW as Co-Substrate in Fermentation Processes
10.4.4 Unicellular Protein Production
10.5 Nonconventional Technologies
10.5.1 Soil Bioremediation
10.5.2 Dark Fermentation
10.5.3 Biohythane Production
10.6 Physicochemical Degradation Processes for ALW
10.7 Conventional
10.7.1 Fertigation
10.7.2 Concentration by Evaporation
10.7.3 Animal Feedstock
10.7.4 Combustion
10.7.5 Gasification
10.8 Nonconventional
10.8.1 Membranes
10.8.2 Electrochemical Process
10.9 Conclusion
References
11: White Rot Fungi: Nature´s Scavenger
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Synthetic Dyes and Their Applications
11.2.1 Production of Textile Effluents Containing Synthetic Dyes
11.2.2 Environmental Impact of Textile Dye Effluents
11.3 Wastewater Remediation
11.3.1 Physicochemical Methods for Remediation of Textile Effluents
11.3.2 Biological Treatments
11.4 Role of White Rot Fungi for Bioremediation of Synthetic Textile Dyes
11.4.1 Removal of Dyes by Biosorption Using White Rot Fungi
11.4.2 Removal of Dyes by Biodegradation Using White Rot Fungi
11.4.2.1 Study of Dye Decolorization on Solid Agar Medium
11.4.2.2 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Active Growth of Fungi in Liquid Medium
11.4.2.3 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Immobilized Fungal Biomass
11.4.2.4 Study of Dye Decolorization Using Metabolically Active Fungal Cell (Pellet)
11.4.2.5 Decolorization Dyes by Semisolid-State and Solid-State Fermentation
11.4.3 Bioremediation of Dyes by Ligninolytic Enzymes
11.4.3.1 Production of Ligninolytic Enzymes
Laccases
Laccase Mediator System (LMS)
Lignin Peroxidases
Manganese Peroxidases
Versatile Peroxidases
Other Lignin Degrading Enzymes and Accessory Enzymes
11.4.4 Bioremediation by Ligninolytic Enzymes
11.5 Product Identification and Mechanism of Dye Degradation
11.6 Future Perspectives
References
12: Nanobioremediation: An Emerging Approach for a Cleaner Environment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Health and Environmental Issues of Pollution
12.3 Conventional Methods for Remediation
12.3.1 Physical Methods
12.3.2 Chemical Treatment Methods
12.3.3 Biological Treatment Methods
12.3.3.1 Biofiltration
12.3.3.2 Biosorption
12.3.3.3 Biophysiochemical Method
12.3.3.4 Novel Biosorbents
12.3.3.5 Bioaugmentation
12.3.3.6 Bacterial Sulfate Reduction (BSR)
12.3.3.7 Phytoremediation
12.4 Nanobioremediation: Need for an Alternative Technology
12.4.1 Historical Perspective
12.4.2 Science of Bioremediation with Nanomaterials
12.4.3 Nanosensors and Purifiers
12.5 Green Synthesis of NPs for Nanobioremediation
12.6 Generalized Mechanisms
12.6.1 Adsorption
12.6.1.1 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (me/MeONPs)
12.6.1.2 Bimetallic Nanoparticles (BNPs)
12.6.1.3 Modified Nanoparticles
12.6.1.4 Other Nanosorbents
12.6.2 Transformation
12.6.3 Catalysis
12.6.4 Fenton Reaction
12.7 Types of Nanomaterials and their Applications in Bioremediation and Biodegradation
12.7.1 Metallic Nanoparticles
12.7.2 Enzyme NPs in Bioremediation
12.7.3 Engineered Polymeric NPs
12.7.4 Carbon Nanomaterials
12.7.5 Nanofibers
12.7.6 Dendrimers
12.7.7 Photocatalytic
12.7.8 Biogenic Uraninite NPs
12.8 Nanobioremediation in Marine Ecosystems
12.9 Nanobioremediation in Air Pollution
12.10 Bioremediation of Electronic Waste
12.11 Advances in Nanobioremediation Technology
12.12 Pros and Cons of Nanomaterials in Bioremediation
12.13 Conclusion
12.14 Nanobioremediation: Way Forward
References
13: Bioelectrochemical System for Bioremediation and Energy Generation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Electrochemically Active Biofilms
13.2.1 Mechanisms of Electron Transfer
13.2.2 Application of Electrogens in MFC
13.2.3 Biofilm Electrochemistry
13.2.3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry: A Tool to Analyse the Biofilm Electrochemical Phenomenon
13.2.3.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
13.3 Introduction to Microbial Fuel Cell
13.3.1 Electrogenic Bacteria
13.3.2 Terminal Electron Acceptor
13.3.3 Electrode Material
13.3.4 Proton Exchange Membrane
13.3.5 Oxygen Reduction Catalyst
13.3.5.1 Biomass-Derived Cathode Catalyst for Application in MFCs
13.4 Applications of MFCs
13.4.1 Microbial Desalination Cell
13.4.2 Microbial Carbon-Capture Cell
13.4.3 Sediment Microbial Fuel Cell
13.5 Bioremediation and Biodegradation in MFC
13.5.1 Bioremediation of Domestic and Industrial Wastewater
13.5.2 Bioremediation of Nitrogen-Rich Wastewater
13.5.3 Microbial Fuel Cell for Recalcitrant Remediation
13.5.4 Value-Added Product Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell: Heavy Metal Recovery
13.6 Bottlenecks and Future Perspective
13.7 Summary
References
14: Ligninolysis: Roles of Microbes and Their Extracellular Enzymes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemical Basis of Recalcitrant Nature of Lignin
14.3 Ligninolytic Microbes
14.4 Ezymes Implicated in Lignin Degradation
14.5 Radical Chemistry in Lignin Degradation
14.6 Lignin-Degrading Enzyme Activity Is Indicative of Lignin Degradation Capability
14.7 Molecular Characterization of Ligninolytic Microbes
14.8 Conclusion
References
15: Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Cyanobacteria: Potential of Live and Dead Cells in Bioremediation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Potential of Cyanobacteria as Biosorbent
15.3 Cell Surface Chemistry and Metal Binding
15.4 Mechanism of Biosorption
15.5 Factors Affecting Biosorption
15.5.1 Effect of pH
15.5.2 Effect of Temperature
15.5.3 Effect of Initial Metal Concentration
15.5.4 Effect of Biosorbent Concentration
15.5.5 Effect of Contact Time
15.5.6 Effect of Cations and Anions on the Metal Removal
15.5.7 Effect of Desorbing Agents on Metal Removal and Reusability of the Biomass
15.5.8 Effect of Multi-metals on the Metal Removal Efficiency
15.6 Conclusion
References
16: Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals in Water and Wastewater
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Commonly Used Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants
16.3 Remediation of Pharmaceuticals
16.3.1 Physicochemical Methods for Pharmaceutical Remediation
16.3.2 Bioremediation of Pharmaceuticals
16.3.2.1 Biochar-Based Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals
16.3.2.2 Microbe-Based Remediation of Pharmaceuticals
Processes with Indirect Involvement of Missed and Unknown Microbes
Activated Sludge Processes
Membrane Bioreactor
Remediation Using the Pure Culture of Microorganisms
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
16.4 Conclusion
References
17: Bioremediation of Saline Soil by Cyanobacteria
17.1 Soil Salinity and Nutrient Cycling by Halophilic Microorganism
17.1.1 Photoprotective Mechanisms in Cyanobacteria in Saline Environment
17.1.2 UV-Stress Avoidance
17.1.3 UV-Stress Defence in Natural and Saline Environments
17.2 Active Repair Mechanisms
17.3 Combinatory Strategies
17.3.1 Effect of Cyanobacterial Biofertilization in Saline Soils
17.4 Conclusion
References
18: Advancement in Treatment Technologies of Biopharmaceutical Industrial Effluents
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Pharmaceuticals
18.3 Application of Biopharmaceutical Products
18.4 Environmental Impact
18.5 Technologies for Biopharmaceutical Wastewater Effluent
18.5.1 Activated Sludge Biological Process
18.5.2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Process
18.5.3 MBR Technology
18.5.4 Mechanical Steam Compression Vacuum Evaporators
18.5.5 Reverse Osmosis Technology
18.5.6 Ozonation Plant Technology
18.5.7 Modular Thermal Plant Treatment
18.5.8 Advanced Oxidation Process
18.5.9 Physicochemical Process
18.5.10 Chemical Process
18.5.10.1 Chlorination
18.5.10.2 Ozonation
18.5.10.3 Neutralization
18.5.10.4 Coagulation
18.5.11 Biological Process
18.6 Conclusion
References
19: Marine Bacteria: A Storehouse of Novel Compounds for Biodegradation
19.1 Environmental Pollution
19.2 Hydrocarbon Pollutants
19.3 Pollutant Processing in Marine Environment
19.4 Biodegradation of the Marine Pollutants
19.5 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Marine Microorganism
19.6 Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Degradation by Microorganisms
19.6.1 Aerobic Degradation
19.6.1.1 Fundamental Reactions of Aerobic Degradation
19.6.1.2 Complete Mineralization (Dioxygenase Pathway)
19.6.1.3 Co-metabolic Transformation (Monooxygenase Pathway)
19.6.2 Anaerobic Degradation
19.6.2.1 Conditions and Factors That Affect Hydrocarbon Degradation
19.7 Biosurfactants
19.7.1 Types of Biosurfactants
19.7.1.1 Glycolipids
Rhamnolipids
Trehalolipids
Sophorolipids
19.7.1.2 Lipopeptide and Lipoproteins
Surfactin
Lichenysin
19.7.1.3 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
19.7.1.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
19.7.1.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
19.7.2 Properties of Biosurfactants
19.7.2.1 Surface and Interface Activity
19.7.2.2 Biodegradability
19.7.2.3 Low Toxicity
19.7.2.4 Emulsion Forming and Emulsion Breaking
19.7.2.5 Antimicrobial Activity
19.7.3 Applications of Biosurfactants
19.7.3.1 Potential Food Applications
19.7.3.2 Antiadhesive Agents
19.7.3.3 Anticancer Activity
19.7.3.4 Antihuman Immunodeficiency Virus and Sperm-Immobilizing Activity
19.7.3.5 Agents for Respiratory Failure
19.7.3.6 Agents for Stimulation of Skin Fibroblast Metabolism
19.7.3.7 Pretreatment of Rubber Gloves Used for Surgery
19.7.4 Countries Producing Biosurfactants
19.8 Summary
References
20: Energy-Efficient Anaerobic Ammonia Removal: From Laboratory to Full-Scale Application
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Discovery and Phylogeny of Anammox
20.3 Possible Reaction Mechanisms for Anammox
20.4 Basal and Designated Medium Development
20.5 Anammox Culture in the Laboratory
20.6 Commercial Application of Anammox Process
20.7 Cost and Energy Sustainability
20.8 Conclusion
References
21: Microbial Degradation of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Solid Waste of Rubber in Environment
21.3 Recent Problems with Polymeric Rubber Waste Management
21.4 Decomposition and Disintegration of Rubber
21.4.1 Decomposition of Natural Rubber (NR) by Bacteria
21.4.2 Decomposition of Synthetic Rubber (SR) by Bacteria
21.4.3 Decomposition of Natural Rubber (NR) by Fungi
21.4.4 Decomposition of Synthetic Rubber (SR) by Fungi
21.4.5 In Vitro Disintegration of Rubber
21.5 Recent Techniques to Analyze Rubber Degradation
21.5.1 Growth of Rubber-Degrading Bacteria on Polyisoprene
21.5.2 Detection of Aldehyde and Ketones Formed by Staining Methods
21.5.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
21.5.4 ATR-FTIR Analysis
21.5.5 Sturm´s Test
21.5.6 Increase in Protein Concentration with Respect to Weight Loss of Rubber
21.5.7 Viscosity Determination Tests
21.6 Genomics and Proteomics of Rubber Degraders
21.6.1 Latex Clearing Protein (Lcp)
21.6.2 Rubber Oxygenase A (RoxA)
21.6.3 Rubber Oxygenase B (RoxB)
21.6.4 Superoxide Dismutase (SodA) and Oxidative Stress Response by Gram-Positive Bacteria
21.6.5 Laccase and Manganese Peroxidase
21.6.6 Different Pathways of Rubber Degradation
21.6.6.1 Rubber Oxygenase Biosynthesis by Rubber-Degrading Bacteria Growing on Rubber and Extracellular Oxidative Cleavage of ...
Rubber Oxidation by Gram-Negative Bacteria
Rubber Oxidation by Gram-Positive Bacteria
21.6.6.2 Uptake of the Resultant Oligo-Isoprenes into the Bacterial Cells
21.6.6.3 β-Oxidation
21.6.6.4 Metabolism of Acetyl-CoA and Propionyl-CoA
21.6.6.5 Anaplerotic Reactions and Gluconeogenesis
21.7 Conclusion
References