Microbial Biodiversity, Biotechnology and Ecosystem Sustainability

✍ Scribed by Cristóbal Noé Aguilar (editor), Sabu Abdulhameed (editor), Raul Rodriguez-Herrera (editor), Shiburaj Sugathan (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 529
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book gives insight into several aspects of the microbiology, biotechnology, and ecosystem sustainability of special and under-explored regions, that captivate human beings by their natural richness, their extensive biodiversity, the extraordinary forms of adaptation of the living beings that they inhabit, and even that keep living secrets as is the very origin of life. The chapters emphasize all aspects of biological diversity-its description, analysis, and conservation, and its controlled rational use by humankind. Also, the book is elaborated from a wide and multidisciplinary point of view. It presents reviews, research papers, comments, and research notes on biodiversity, ethnobiology, geoscience, chemistry, biological conservation, biotechnology, and ecosystem sustainability

Two hotspots are the reference for this enriching book that describes details of extraordinary areas of the planet, from Cuatrociénegas, Coahuila (Mexico) to the Southern WesternGhats (India).

The book will contribute to dealing with the practicalities of conservation management, economic, social, and political issues. It provides a forum for examining conflicts between sustainable development and human dependence on biodiversity in agriculture, environmental management, and biotechnology, and encourages contributions from developing countries to promote broad global perspectives on matters of biodiversity and conservation.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Dryland Microorganisms: Ecology and Biotechnological Potential
1 Biological Characteristics, Isolation, and Identification of Dryland Microorganisms
2 Desert Microorganisms as Bioindicators
3 Biotechnological Potential for the Production of Value-Added Bioproducts
4 Production of Value-Added Compounds
4.1 Enzymes
4.2 Antioxidants
4.3 Antimicrobials
4.4 Biosurfactants
4.5 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria
4.6 Antifungals (Biological Control)
4.7 Carbohydrates
4.8 Lipids
References
An Overview of the Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Conservation Actions in the Western Ghats, India
1 The Evolution
2 The Rich Biodiversity of the Western Ghats Region
2.1 Ecosystem Diversity
2.2 Species Diversity
3 Ecosystem Services
4 Conservation and Management Practices
4.1 Protected Areas Management
4.2 Flagship and Keystone Species Conservation
4.3 Conservation through Traditional Knowledge
4.4 The Landscape Approach in Conservation
4.5 Practices in Forest Resources Management through Participatory Approach
4.6 Biodiversity Conservation through Policies and Legislations at the International and National Level
5 Conclusion
References
Origin and Evolution of Peninsular India, Western Ghats, and its Diverse Life Forms
1 Introduction
2 Geological Evolution of the Indian Carton
3 Geological Evolution of Western Ghats
4 Western Ghats and its Biodiversity
5 Biogeographic History
6 Floristic Diversity
7 Faunal Diversity
References
Microbial Diversity and Conservation of Local Biodiversity Heritage Sites in Western Ghats with Community Participation-a Nove...
1 Microbial Diversity of India: An Overview
2 Biodiversity of Kerala
2.1 Microbial Diversity of Wetlands in Kerala
2.2 Microbial Diversity of Sacred Groves of Kerala
2.3 Below Ground Microbial Biodiversity
3 Importance of Conservation of Microbial Diversity
4 International and National Legislations
5 Strategies for Conservation of Microbial Diversity in Kerala
5.1 Conservation of on-Farm Practices and Agrobiodiversity Hotspots: This Incvolved the Conservation through Traditional Farme...
5.2 In Situ Methods with Community Participation: Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS)
5.3 Ex Situ Conservation Methods
6 Access to Microbial Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
7 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Methods for Exploring the Microbial Diversity of Western Ghats in India and their Extended Applications in Various Fields
1 Introduction
1.1 Climate
1.2 Flora and Fauna of Western Ghats
1.3 Microflora in an Ecosystem and their Impact on Biodiversity
1.4 Microflora of Western Ghats
1.5 Tools and Techniques to Explore the Microflora of Biodiversity Hotspots
1.5.1 Sample Collection
1.5.2 Nucleic Acids Extraction and Analysis from Environmental Samples
1.5.3 Metagenomics
1.5.4 DNA Microarrays
1.6 Observation and Enumeration
1.6.1 Cytometry Techniques
1.6.2 Activity Measurement at Cellular Level
1.7 Measurement of Biomass
1.8 Measurements of Heterotrophic and Chemoautotrophic Bacterial Production
1.9 The Measurement of Bacterial Enzymatic Activities
1.10 Use of Microsensors at Interfaces and within Sediments and Biofilms
2 Applications of Western Ghats´s Microflora
2.1 Western Ghats Microflora as the Rich Source of Industrially Important Enzymes and Metabolites
2.2 Western Ghats Microbial Isolates with Biocontrol and Therapeutic Potential
2.3 Plant Growth Promoting Microbes Reported from Western Ghats
2.3.1 Mycorrhizal Association
2.3.2 Microflora of Western Ghats with Environmental Applications
2.3.3 Quorum Sensing and Quorum Quenching Phenomenon Reported from Western Ghats
3 Threats and Conservation of Western Ghats
4 Conclusion
References
Endophytic Microorganisms of Western Ghats: Diversity and Biosynthetic Potential
1 Western Ghats: Microbial Diversity and Biosynthetic Potential
1.1 Western Ghats
1.2 Microbial Diversity
1.3 Biosynthetic Potential
2 Endophytic Microorganisms of Western Ghats
2.1 Endophytes
2.2 Importance of Endophytic Microorganisms
3 Endophytic Fungi of Western Ghats and their Biosynthestic Potential
4 Endophytic Bacteria and their Biosynthetic Potential
5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Lichen Flora in Western Ghats of Kerala, India: A Source of Innovation
1 Introduction
2 International
3 Work Done in India
4 Work Done So Far in the Kerala Part of Western Ghats
5 Reasons for Undertaking the Present Work
6 Area: Kerala Part of Western Ghats
6.1 Location and Topography
6.2 Climate
6.3 Vegetation
7 Ecology of Lichens
8 Conservation
9 Uses
10 Medicinal and Economic Importance of Lichens
11 Threats to Lichen Diversity in Kerala
12 Lacunae in Lichenological Studies in Western Ghats of Kerala for Conservation
13 Discussion
14 Analysis of the Lichen Flora
15 Family-Wise List of Lichens with No. of Genera and Species Occurred
References
Plants and Microorganism Bio-compounds on Agriculture Applications by Nanotechnology
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology in Agriculture
3 Nanotechnology in Plant Pathology
3.1 Nano Pesticides from Metallic Nanoparticles
3.2 Nano Fertilizers
3.3 Nanobiofertilizers
3.4 Nano Biosensor
4 Plant Extracts Applications in Agriculture
5 Plant Growth Phytohormones Applications in Agriculture
5.1 Auxins
5.2 Cytokinins
5.3 Gibberellins
5.4 Abscisic Acid
5.5 Ethylene
5.6 Jasmonic Acid
6 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Uses in Agronomy
6.1 Nanoparticles for Nutrient Assimilation for Simple Uptake by the Plant
6.2 Nanoparticles for Plant Growth Regulators
6.3 Nanoparticles to Produce Siderophores
6.4 Nanoparticles to Produce Volatile Organic Compounds
6.5 Nanoparticle for Plant Pathogens
6.6 Nanoparticles Toxicity in PGPR
7 Conclusion
References
Implications of Plant Invasion on the Soil Microbial Diversity and Ecosystem Sustainability: Evidence from a Tropical Biodiver...
1 Introduction
2 Soil Microbial Populations in the Ecosystem Process
2.1 Patterns in Microbial Diversity in Soil
2.2 Importance of Faunal and Microbial Populations in Determining Soil Quality
2.3 Plant-Microbe Interaction
2.4 Soil Microbes in the Context of Plant Invasion
3 Above-Ground and Below-Ground Diversity in the Western Ghats
4 Biological Invasion: A Case Study from India
4.1 Impact of S. spectabilis and M. eminii on the Rhizosphere Microbiota
5 Conclusion
References
Microbial Biodiversity in Agricultural Production Processes
1 Microbial Ecosystem in Fish Production Systems
1.1 Study of the Diversity of Bacteria in Fish Farming Environments
1.2 Probiotics in Fish Production Systems
1.3 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotic Microorganisms
1.4 Selection of Probiotic Microorganisms for Fish
2 Microbial Ecosystem in Grape Cultivation
2.1 Grape Species Grown in Latin America
2.2 Viruses, Causal Agents of Diseases in Grapes
2.3 Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Viruses (GLRaV)
2.4 Grapevine Corky Bark-Associated Virus (GCBaV)
2.5 Grapevine Fanleaf Virus (GFLV)
3 Post-harvest and Post-production Alternatives for the Control of Microorganisms in Food
3.1 Biopolymer Matrices as Structural Matrices Based on Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids
References
Coastal Sediments of La Paz Bay BCS: Bacteria Reserve with Biotechnological Potential
1 Marine Sediments and Bacteria Present
2 Peptides and Antimicrobials from Extracellular Extracts
2.1 Peptides
3 Isolated Bacteria from Marine Sediments and their Identified Compounds
3.1 Bioactive Compounds from Microorganism Isolated of the California Gulf
4 Characterization and Identification of Bacterial Communities Using Molecular Techniques
5 In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
6 Potential Industrial Application of Antimicrobial Peptides
7 Bacteria Isolated from La Paz Bay of and Other Associated Organisms
8 Conclusions
References
Microorganisms Bioindicators of Water Quality
1 Introduction
1.1 Bioindicators in the Water
1.2 Phytoplant Communities as Bioindicators of Nutrient Concentration in Lentic Ecosystems
1.2.1 Algae Bioindicators of Nutrient Concentration
1.2.1.1 Stenoic Indicators of Pollution-Free Waters
1.2.1.2 Species Indicating Low Phosphorus Concentrations
1.2.1.3 Species Tolerant to Low Nutrient Concentrations
1.2.1.4 Indicators of Average Concentrations
Incidence of Other Variables: pH
1.2.1.5 Stenotypes Indicating High Concentrations
1.2.1.6 Eurioids Indicating Average Concentrations
Incidence of Other Variables: Iron and Chlorides
1.2.1.7 Tolerant Eurioids
1.3 Bacteria Communities as Bioindicators in Water Environmental
1.3.1 Coliforms
1.4 Protozoos Communities as Bioindicators in Water Environmental
1.5 Virus Communities as Bioindicators in Water Environmental
1.6 Conclusion
References
Modelling the Migration of Pathogens in Agricultural Settings: From Surface Land to Groundwater Reservoirs
1 Introduction
2 Waterborne Pathogens: Sources and Impact on Water Quality
2.1 Pathogen Pollution Sources
2.2 Waterborne Pathogens of Concern
2.2.1 Protozoan Parasites
2.2.2 Bacteria
2.2.3 Viruses
2.3 Control of Groundwater Pollution
3 Biocolloid Mobilization and Fate through the Soil Matrix
3.1 Mechanisms and Governing Equations in Colloidal Filtration Theory
3.2 Techniques to Solve Deterministic Models
3.3 Deviations from Colloidal Filtration Theory (CFT)
4 Recommended Measures to Prevent Biological Contamination in Groundwater Aquifers
5 Conclusions
References
Current Insights into Phylloplane Fungal Species Diversity in the Western Ghats and Its Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Rhizosphere-Endophytes-Phylloplane
3 Significant Groups of Phylloplane Fungi
3.1 Ascomycetes
3.2 Basidiomycetes
3.3 Fungi Imperfecti(Deuteromycetes)
3.4 Basic Structures
4 How They Reproduce and Multiply
5 Obligate and Facultative
6 Host Specificity
7 Digital Formula (Applicable to Both Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae)
8 Diversity in the Western Ghats
9 Major Genera and Distribution
10 Ecological Significance Phylloplane Fungi
11 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
Three Actinobacterial Isolates from Western Ghats of Kerala, India: Genome Mining for Their Bioative Potential
1 Introduction
2 Hydrolases from Native Actinobacteria for Commercial Exploitation
3 The α-Amylase Producing Streptomyces griseus TBG19NRA1
4 Chitinase from Streptomyces californicus TBG-201
5 Chitinase from Streptosporangium nondiastaticum TBG75A20
6 Genome Analysis
7 De Novo Assembly
8 Gene Prediction and Annotation
9 Phylogenetic Analysis of Amino Acid Sequence of the Enzyme of Interest
10 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Phylogenetic Analysis in Yeast Population Using Microsatellites and Simple Sequence Tandem Repeats
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
4 Philogenetic Analysis For Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5 Philogenetic Analysis For Torulaspora delbrueckii
6 Philogenetic Analysis For Pichia fermentans
7 Conclusions
References
Polydnaviruses: Evolution and Applications
1 Introduction
2 Where Did the PDVs Come from?
2.1 BVs Evolved from a Betanudivirus
2.2 IVs Evolved from Viruses that Have Not Yet Been Described
3 The Life Cycle of PDVs
4 PDV Genes that Interact with the Host Immune System
4.1 Cysteine (Cys) Motif Family
4.2 Glycosylated Central (Glc) Gene Family
4.3 Epidermal Growth Factor (Egf) Family
4.4 Ankyrin (Ank) Family
4.5 Cotesia rubecula Polydnavirus Gene 1 (CrV1)
4.6 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP)
4.7 Cotesia congregate Polydnavirus Gene 1 (CcV1)
4.8 Cotesia rubecula Polydnavirus Gene 2 (CrV2)
5 Polydnavirus Applications in Biological Control
5.1 Parasitoids Used in the Biological Control
5.2 PDV Genes Expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System
5.3 Transgenic Plants Expressing PDV Genes
6 Conclusion
References
Broad Spectrum Amino Acid Racemases (Bsrs): A Potential Target in Microbial Research
1 Introduction
2 Role of Bsr in Microbes
3 bsrV Gene
4 Structural Determinants of Multispecificity
5 Catalytic Efficiency of BsrV
6 Protein-Protein Interactions
7 Applications
8 Conclusion
References
Variability of the Tannase Gene from Extreme Environments Uncultivable Microorganisms
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Methods and Materials
2.1 Soil Sampling
2.2 DNA Isolation from Soil Samples
2.3 Amplification of Tannase Gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.4 Separation of Fragments by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
2.5 Analysis of Genetic Variability of the Tannase Gene
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 DNA Isolation
3.2 Amplification of the Tannase Gene Fragments
3.3 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
3.4 Optimal Number of Samples for Determining the Genetic Variability of the Gene
4 Conclusions
References
Search for Haloenzymes
1 World Hunger
2 Sodium Soils
3 Osmotolerance
4 Halotolerance Mechanisms
5 Haloenzymes
References
Waste Processes to Obtain Biogas and Bioethanol
1 Biogas Production
1.1 Operation Process of a Biogas Production Plant
1.2 Feeding Materials
1.3 Gas Produced
2 Instrumentation and Control
3 Conversion of Organic Waste into Biogas and Fertilizer
4 Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
4.1 Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
4.2 Disadvantages of Anaerobic Digestion (AD)
4.3 Practical Parameters and Operational Conditions of Anaerobic Digestión
4.4 Use of the Products of Anaerobic Digestión
4.5 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies and Practical Operation
5 Practical Applications in Biogas Production
6 Bioethanol Production
6.1 Process Details for Bioethanol Production
6.2 Fermentation Process of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates
6.3 Feeding Materials
6.4 Raw Materials Containing Sugar (Sucrose)
6.5 Raw Materials Containing Starch
6.6 Raw Materials Containing Lignocellulose
6.7 Conversion of Organic Waste into Bioetanol
6.7.1 Pre-treatment Methods for Starches
7 Fermentation Process
7.1 Microorganisms Used in Alcohol Fermentation
7.2 Instrumentation and Control
7.3 Fermentation Process of Alcohol from Broken Rice
7.4 Fermentation Process of Alcohol from Rice Husks
7.4.1 Process Description
7.5 Benefits of Fermentation and the Use of Ethanol
7.6 Disadvantages of Fermentation and the Use of Etanol
7.7 Practical Parameters and Operational Conditions of Fermentation
8 Fermentation Technologies and Practical Operation
8.1 Agitated Tank Reactor (ATR)
8.2 Air-Lift Bioreactor
8.3 Packed Bed Biorreactor
9 Practical Applications in Bioethanol Production
10 Economic Overview of Bioethanol Production
10.1 Used Raw Materials
10.2 How Bioethanol Will Be Used
10.3 Costs Associated with Bioethanol Production
References