Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts: from feedstock cultivation to end-products

✍ Scribed by Gonzalez-Fernandez, Cristina(Editor);Munoz, Raul

• Publisher: Woodhead Publishing
• Year: 2017
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 416
• Series: Woodhead Publishing series in energy
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts: From Feedstock Cultivation to End Productscompiles contributions from authors from different areas and backgrounds who explore the cultivation and utilization of microalgae biomass for sustainable fuels and chemicals.

With a strong focus in emerging industrial and large scale applications, the book summarizes the new achievements in recent years in this field by critically evaluating developments in the field of algal biotechnology, whilst taking into account sustainability issues and techno-economic parameters. It includes information on microalgae cultivation, harvesting, and conversion processes for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels, such as biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel and biohydrogen. Microalgae biorefinery and biotechnology applications, including for pharmaceuticals, its use as food and feed, and value added bioproducts are also covered.

This book's comprehensive scope makes it an ideal reference for both early stage and consolidated researchers, engineers and graduate students in the algal field, especially in energy, chemical and environmental engineering, biotechnology, biology and agriculture.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover......Page 1
Advances in Feedstock Conversion Technologies for Alternative Fuels and Bioproducts......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 20
1.2 Photobioreactor System......Page 26
1.3 Mathematical Models......Page 27
1.4 Macroscale Modeling......Page 28
1.4.2 Fluid Hydrodynamics......Page 30
1.5 Microscale Modeling......Page 31
1.5.1.1 Malthusian Model......Page 32
1.5.1.3 Gompertz Model......Page 33
1.5.2 Dynamics Kinetic Equations: Secondary Models......Page 34
1.7 Potential Industry Application......Page 39
1.9 Future Outlook......Page 40
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 46
2.2 Mechanical Cell Wall Disruption Methods......Page 47
2.2.2 Homogenization......Page 48
2.2.4 Ultrasonication......Page 49
2.2.6 Microwaves......Page 51
2.3.2 Chemical Methods......Page 52
2.4 Microalgae Cell Wall Disruption Efficiency......Page 54
2.5 Challenges and Prospects......Page 55
2.6 Conclusion......Page 57
References......Page 58
3.1 Ethanol Market and Perspective of a Carbohydrate-Rich Biomass......Page 62
3.2 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Bioethanol Production......Page 64
3.3 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Biological Aspects and Strains......Page 68
3.4 Cultivation of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Toward Large-Scale Applications......Page 70
3.4.1 Cultivation System and Operation Mode......Page 73
3.4.2 CO2 Availability......Page 76
3.4.3 Nutrients Supply......Page 79
3.4.4 Light Exploitation and Photosynthetic Efficiency......Page 82
Acknowledgment......Page 86
References......Page 87
4.1 Introduction......Page 94
4.2.1 Cultivation of Macroalgae......Page 95
4.2.2 Chemical Composition of Macroalgae......Page 96
4.2.3 Pretreatment and Enzymes for Brown Algae Degradation......Page 97
4.2.3.1 Biotechnology of Recombinant Enzymes......Page 100
4.2.4 Degradation Pathways of Main Macroalgae Carbohydrates......Page 101
4.2.4.1 Metabolic Redox Imbalance Caused by Brown Algae Carbohydrates......Page 102
4.2.5.1 Engineered Strains and Redox Imbalances......Page 104
4.2.6 Saccharification and Fermentation in Process Configurations......Page 105
4.4 Conclusion......Page 107
References......Page 108
Further Reading......Page 113
5.1 Introduction......Page 114
5.2 Screening the Microalgae Strains for Production of Biodiesels......Page 116
5.3 Metabolic Engineering for Enhanced Microalgae Biodiesel Production......Page 119
5.4 Genetic Engineering for Improving Microalgae Biodiesel Quality......Page 122
5.5 Impact of Additives on Biodiesel Quality......Page 123
5.7 Future Outlook......Page 124
References......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 128
6.1 Introduction......Page 130
6.2 Microalgae Culture......Page 131
6.2.2 Key Culture Parameters......Page 132
6.2.3 CO2 Capture......Page 133
6.3 Effect of NOx and SO2......Page 136
6.5 Research Needs......Page 138
6.7 Future Outlook......Page 139
References......Page 140
7.1 Introduction......Page 144
7.2 Microalgae Metabolic Pathways......Page 145
7.2.3 Mixotrophic Microalgae Cultivation......Page 147
7.3.1 Organic Carbon Sources for Microalgae Cultivation......Page 148
7.4 Microalgae Cultivation Opportunities in Wastewater Treatment......Page 149
7.4.1 Microalgae Cultivation Challenges in Wastewaters......Page 152
7.5 Biomass Production Using Microalgae......Page 154
7.7 Future Outlook......Page 155
References......Page 156
8.1 Introduction......Page 162
8.2.1 Basic Properties of Jerusalem Artichoke......Page 163
8.3 Ethanol Fermentation From Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers......Page 164
8.3.1.1 Acid Hydrolysis......Page 166
8.3.1.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis by Inulinase......Page 167
8.3.2.1 Ethanol Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae......Page 169
8.3.2.2 Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus......Page 174
8.4 Ethanol Fermentation From Jerusalem Artichoke Stalks......Page 176
8.5 Current Status, Problems, and Challenges......Page 177
8.6 Enhanced Productivities for Economic Efficiency......Page 178
References......Page 179
9.1 Introduction......Page 184
9.2.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis......Page 185
9.2.4 Phase Separation and Codigestion Strategy......Page 186
9.3 Process Control and Monitoring......Page 187
9.4 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactors......Page 189
9.5.1 Water Scrubbing......Page 190
9.5.3 Chemical Scrubbing......Page 191
9.5.5 Membrane Technology......Page 192
9.5.6 Cryogenic Separation......Page 193
9.5.7.2 Microalgae-Based CO2 Fixation......Page 194
9.5.7.3 Biological H2S Removal......Page 195
9.5.8.4 Dry Reforming......Page 196
9.5.8.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells......Page 197
9.6 Conclusion......Page 198
References......Page 199
10.1 Introduction......Page 204
10.2.1 Expeller Pressing......Page 205
10.2.2 Solvent Extraction Method......Page 206
10.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Method......Page 207
10.2.3.1 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Method......Page 208
10.2.4 Subcritical Water Extraction......Page 209
10.2.5 Electrochemical Extraction......Page 211
10.2.6.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction......Page 212
10.2.6.3 Accelerated Solvent Extraction......Page 213
10.3 Influence of Extraction Methods on Biodiesel Properties......Page 214
10.4 Conclusion......Page 217
References......Page 218
11.1 Introduction......Page 224
11.2.1.1 High-Temperature Carbonization Process......Page 228
11.2.2 Pyrolysis or Carbonization......Page 229
11.3.1 Sulfonation by Strong Acids......Page 232
11.3.2 Metal-Doped Carbon Catalyst......Page 233
11.3.3 Carbon-Supported Biocatalysts......Page 234
11.4.1 Carbonaceous Acid Catalysts......Page 235
11.4.2 Metal-Doped Carbonaceous Catalyst......Page 237
11.4.3 Carbon-Supported Biocatalyst......Page 239
11.5 Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
12.1 Introduction......Page 246
12.1.1 Catalytic Transesterification......Page 247
12.3 Experimental Setup......Page 249
12.5 Analysis......Page 250
12.6.1 Statistical Analysis......Page 251
12.6.2 Kinetic Study......Page 255
12.7 Determination of Fuel Properties......Page 259
12.10 Future Outlook......Page 260
References......Page 261
13.1 Introduction......Page 264
13.2.2 Microalgae Culture, Media, and Sample Preparation......Page 267
13.2.5 Aliquoting Reference Standard Mixture and Preparing Internal Standard......Page 268
13.3.1 Method Development......Page 269
13.3.2 Fatty Acid Profiling of Biofuels......Page 275
13.4 Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
14.1 Introduction......Page 280
14.2 Preparation of Biodiesel......Page 282
14.2.1 Problems of Producing High Yield of Biodiesel From Microalgae/Fungi Lipids......Page 283
14.3.2 Choosing Between Iodine Value <120 and Cetane Number 51 as Oxidation Stability Standard......Page 285
14.3.3 Methods for Estimating Double Bond Equivalent, Allylic Position Equivalent, and Bis-Allylic Position Equivalent......Page 288
14.4 Cloud Point......Page 290
14.4.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry......Page 292
14.4.3 Methods Reported for Estimating Cloud Point of Saturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Present in Biodiesel......Page 294
14.4.4 Estimated Cloud Point Versus Reported Cloud Point Measured by DSC With Estimated Indices of Three Biodiesel Mixtures......Page 295
14.4.5 Estimated Cloud Points and Estimated Indices ∑DBE, ∑APE, ∑BAPE of Reported wt.% FAME From Lipids of a Mi.........Page 297
14.6 Future Outlook......Page 300
References......Page 301
15.1 Introduction......Page 306
15.2.2 Supercritical CO2 Extraction With Water as Co-solvent......Page 308
15.2.4 Soxhlet Extraction......Page 309
15.2.5 Extracted Oil Yield Calculation......Page 311
15.3.1 Analysis of Variance......Page 312
15.3.2 Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Particle Size on SCCD Extraction of Empty Fruit Bunch......Page 315
15.3.4 Comparison Between SCCD Extraction and Soxhlet Extraction......Page 317
15.3.5 Characterization of Extracted Oil: GC–MS Analysis......Page 319
15.4 Potential Application of Supercritical Extraction in Industrial Scale, Limitations, and Challenges......Page 320
References......Page 321
16.1 Introduction......Page 324
16.2.2 Settling......Page 325
16.2.5 Simplified Induced Blanket Reactor......Page 326
16.3.2 Fixed Film at Cartago, Costa Rica......Page 327
16.3.7.1 Thermal Pretreatment......Page 328
16.4.1 Manure Storage Time......Page 329
16.4.4 Upflow, Downflow, Reflow Reactor at Sterksel......Page 330
16.5.1 Poultry Manure Mono-digestion......Page 331
16.5.4 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor With Poultry, Cattle, and Swine Manures in Langenwetzendorf......Page 332
16.6 Discussion......Page 333
16.8 Future Outlook......Page 335
References......Page 336
17.1 Introduction......Page 342
17.2.2 Pyrolysis Experiments......Page 344
17.2.3 Product Analysis......Page 345
17.3.1 Composition of Cow Manure......Page 346
17.3.2 Pyrolysis of Cow Manure......Page 347
17.3.3 Other Thermochemical Processes Appropriate for Cow Manure Processing......Page 350
17.3.4.1 Composition......Page 352
17.3.4.2 Physicochemical Properties......Page 355
17.3.5 Characterization of Gases and Char: Composition and Properties......Page 357
17.5 Future Outlook......Page 359
References......Page 360
18.1 Introduction......Page 364
18.2.1 Description of Methodology......Page 365
18.2.3.3 Scenario C......Page 366
18.2.5 Life Cycle Inventory Data Acquisition......Page 369
18.3.1 General Results......Page 371
18.3.2 Sugar Beet Pulp–Based Scenarios......Page 373
18.5 Future Outlook......Page 375
References......Page 376
19.1 Introduction......Page 380
19.2 Steps in Life Cycle Assessment Methodology......Page 381
19.3 Life Cycle Assessment Studies of First-Generation Biofuels......Page 383
19.5 Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Microalgae Biofuels......Page 386
19.6 Other Impact Indicators of Life Cycle Assessment......Page 388
19.6.2 Environmental Impact Indicators......Page 389
19.6.3 Land Usage Impact Indicators......Page 390
19.6.6 Coproduct Allocations......Page 391
19.8 Future Outlook......Page 392
References......Page 393
Index......Page 398
Back Cover......Page 416