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Methods in Social Epidemiology

✍ Scribed by J. Michael Oakes, Jay S. Kaufman


Publisher
Jossey-Bass
Year
2006
Tongue
English
Leaves
506
Series
Public Health/Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Edition
1
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


Social epidemiology is the study of how social interactions—social norms, laws, institutions, conventia, social conditions and behavior—affect the health of populations. This practical, comprehensive introduction to methods in social epidemiology is written by experts in the field. It is perfectly timed for the growth in interest among those in public health, community health, preventive medicine, sociology, political science, social work, and other areas of social research.

Topics covered are:

  • Introduction: Advancing Methods in Social Epidemiology
  • The History of Methods of Social Epidemilogy to 1965
  • Indicators of Socioeconomic Position
  • Measuring and Analyzing 'Race'
  • Racism and Racial Discrimination
  • Measuring Poverty
  • Measuring Health Inequalities
  • A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Segregation and its Association with Population Outcomes
  • Measures of Residential Community Contexts
  • Using Census Data to Approximate Neighborhood Effects
  • Community-based Participatory Research: Rationale and Relevance for Social Epidemiology
  • Network Methods in Social Epidemiology
  • Identifying Social Interactions: A Review, Multilevel Studies
  • Experimental Social Epidemiology: Controlled Community Trials
  • Propensity Score Matching Methods for Social Epidemiology
  • Natural Experiments and Instrumental Variable Analyses in Social Epidemiology
  • and Using Causal Diagrams to Understand Common Problems in Social Epidemiology.

''Publication of this highly informative textbook clearly reflects the coming of age of many social epidemiology methods, the importance of which rests on their potential contribution to significantly improving the effectiveness of the population-based approach to prevention. This book should be of great interest not only to more advanced epidemiology students but also to epidemiologists in general, particularly those concerned with health policy and the translation of epidemiologic findings into public health practice. The cause of achieving a ‘more complete’ epidemiology envisaged by the editors has been significantly advanced by this excellent textbook.'' —Moyses Szklo, professor of epidemiology and editor-in-chief, American Journal of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins University

''Social epidemiology is a comparatively new field of inquiry that seeks to describe and explain the social and geographic distribution of health and of the determinants of health. This book considers the major methodological challenges facing this important field. Its chapters, written by experts in a variety of disciplines, are most often authoritative, typically provocative, and often debatable, but always worth reading.'' —Stephen W. Raudenbush, Lewis-Sebring Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago

''The roadmap for a new generation of social epidemiologists. The publication of this treatise is a significant event in the history of the discipline.'' —Ichiro Kawachi, professor of social epidemiology, Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard University

'' Methods in Social Epidemiology not only illuminates the difficult questions that future generations of social epidemiologists must ask, it also identifies the paths they must boldly travel in the pursuit of answers, if this exciting interdisciplinary science is to realize its full potential. This beautifully edited volume appears at just the right moment to exert a profound influence on the field.'' —Sherman A. James, Susan B. King Professor of Public Policy Studies, professor of Community and Family Medicine, professor of African-American Studies, Duke University

✦ Table of Contents


METHODS IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 5
Tables......Page 9
Figures......Page 10
ABOUT THE EDITORS......Page 13
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 15
PREFACE......Page 23
PART ONE: BACKGROUND......Page 29
What Is Social Epidemiology?......Page 31
What Is Social Epidemiologic Methodology?......Page 33
Three Fundamental Issues......Page 34
Advancing Further Still......Page 41
References......Page 45
CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORY OF METHODS OF SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY TO 1965......Page 49
Can the “Social” Cause Disease?......Page 51
What Is the “ Social” and How Does It Work?......Page 55
How Can We Demonstrate the Effects of the “Social”?......Page 60
Toward a Social Epidemiology......Page 63
References......Page 70
PART TWO: MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT......Page 73
CHAPTER THREE: INDICATORS OF SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION......Page 75
Occupation-Based and Work-Related Indicators......Page 77
Education......Page 84
Income......Page 86
Housing Characteristics and Housing Amenities......Page 88
Proxy Indicators......Page 91
SEP Indicators in Specific Populational Groups......Page 92
Area-Level Measures of SEP......Page 95
Life Course Socioeconomic Position......Page 99
Recommendations......Page 103
References......Page 105
Acknowledgments......Page 113
CHAPTER FOUR: MEASURING AND ANALYZING “RACE,” RACISM, AND RACIAL DISCRIMINATION......Page 114
Concepts......Page 116
Measurement......Page 122
References......Page 134
CHAPTER FIVE: MEASURING POVERTY......Page 140
What Does It Mean to Be Poor?......Page 141
Early Attempts at Constructing Poverty Budgets (Thresholds)......Page 142
Current Methods of Poverty Measurement......Page 144
NRC Panel Recommendations......Page 146
Impact on Elderly and Child Poverty......Page 150
Progress Toward Adoption of a New Poverty Measure......Page 155
Conclusions......Page 157
References......Page 158
APPENDIX: Some Practical Advice on Implementing a Poverty Measure......Page 159
CHAPTER SIX: MEASURING HEALTH INEQUALITIES......Page 162
Issues......Page 164
Measures......Page 173
Recommendations......Page 191
Conclusions......Page 193
References......Page 194
CHAPTER SEVEN: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MEASURING SEGREGATION AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH POPULATION OUTCOMES......Page 197
What is Segregation?......Page 198
Why Does Segregation Matter?......Page 199
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Measurement of Segregation......Page 200
Measures of Residential Segregation......Page 204
Choosing Appropriate Segregation Indices......Page 212
Computing Segregation Indices......Page 213
The Association of Segregation with Population Outcomes......Page 214
References......Page 218
CHAPTER EIGHT: MEASURES OF RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITY CONTEXTS......Page 221
Measurement Strategies for Residential Neighborhoods......Page 222
Bringing in the Community Perspective......Page 230
Future Directions on Measuring Neighborhood Environments......Page 233
References......Page 234
CHAPTER NINE: USING CENSUS DATA TO APPROXIMATE NEIGHBORHOOD EFFECTS......Page 237
Census Geography......Page 238
Types of Census Data......Page 240
Approaches to Analysis with Census Data......Page 242
Worked Example: Low Birth Weight and Neighborhood Deprivation......Page 244
Limitations of Using Census Data to Estimate Deprivation......Page 255
Benefits of Using Census Data to Estimate Deprivation......Page 258
References......Page 259
PART THREE: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS......Page 265
CHAPTER TEN: COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH: RATIONALE AND RELEVANCE FOR SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 267
Definition and Principles of CBPR......Page 268
CBPR and Social Epidemiology......Page 272
Deciding Whether to Use a CBPR Approach......Page 275
The Process of CBPR......Page 277
Common Pitfalls, Challenges, and Facilitating Factors in CBPR......Page 280
Discussion......Page 285
Conclusion: “Push Beyond the Research”......Page 288
References......Page 289
CHAPTER ELEVEN: NETWORK METHODS IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 295
Background......Page 296
Basic Network Concepts......Page 297
Network Data and Network Measures......Page 299
Additional Applications of Network Methods......Page 306
Ethical and Human Subjects Issues in Network Studies......Page 308
Conclusion......Page 309
References......Page 310
CHAPTER TWELVE: IDENTIFYING SOCIAL INTERACTIONS: A REVIEW......Page 315
Basic Models......Page 318
Identification and the Reflection Problem......Page 323
Social Interactions and Self-Selection......Page 325
Unobserved Group Effects......Page 329
Some Implications for Social Epidemiology......Page 334
Conclusions......Page 339
References......Page 340
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: MULTILEVEL STUDIES......Page 344
Levels of Analysis and Inference......Page 345
Classifying and Measuring Ecological Variables......Page 346
A Typology of Ecological Effects......Page 347
Sources of Error Estimating Ecological Effects on Individual Health— An Epidemiological Perspective......Page 348
Multilevel Models......Page 355
The Distinction Between Levels and Variables......Page 356
Multilevel Models: A Basic Statistical Outline......Page 357
Context Versus Composition: Study Design, Analytical, and Inferential Issues......Page 361
References......Page 365
Origins and History......Page 369
Randomization and Dependence......Page 372
Implications of Clustering: Proper Inference in Community Trials......Page 376
Efficient Allocation of Resources Subject to Constraints......Page 378
Example of Designing a GRT and Some Further Issues......Page 380
Statistical Implications of Clustering: Power, Sample Sizes, and Detectable Differences......Page 382
Implementation of Randomized Community Trials......Page 391
References......Page 392
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING FOR SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 398
The Counterfactual Framework......Page 399
Propensity Score-Matching Methods......Page 405
Worked Example......Page 410
Conclusions......Page 416
References......Page 418
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: USING CAUSAL DIAGRAMS TO UNDERSTAND COMMON PROBLEMS IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 421
Some Background Definitions......Page 422
Graphical Models......Page 426
Why Conventional Rules for Confounding Are Not Reliable......Page 431
Why Sample Selection Threatens Internal Validity as well as Generalizability......Page 435
Why Handling Missing Data with Indicator Variables Is Biased Even If the Data Are Missing Completely at Random......Page 440
Why Adjusting for a Mediator Does Not Necessarily Estimate the Indirect Effect......Page 441
When Is an Alleged Natural Experiment Valid?......Page 444
Why It Is a Mistake to Condition on the Dependent Variable......Page 447
Why Adjusting for Baseline Values Can Bias Analyses of Change......Page 448
Caveats and Conclusion......Page 451
APPENDIX 16.1......Page 452
Acknowledgments......Page 453
References......Page 454
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: NATURAL EXPERIMENTS AND INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ANALYSES IN SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 457
The Core Idea in IV Analyses......Page 460
Framing Natural Experiments and IVs Causally......Page 464
A Good Instrument Is Hard to Find......Page 475
A Few Other Points......Page 478
Instrumental Variables in Economics Research......Page 479
Limitations of IV Analyses......Page 481
IVs in Social Epidemiology......Page 483
Acknowledgments......Page 484
References......Page 485
NAME INDEX......Page 489
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 497


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