Metastable Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications

✍ Scribed by Shao Q., Kang Z., Shao M. (ed.)

• Publisher: Wiley-VCH
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 229
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Discover the cutting-edge progress of a promising class of materials significant for use in energy technologies as catalysts.
Materials are said to be metastable-phases if they can retain their stability when subjected only to slight disturbances. Materials in metastable-phases can have very different properties from those in a state of equilibrium, and can perform very differently under conditions of experimentation, work, or industrial use. Metastable-phase materials are therefore a promising area of study in a variety of different fields, including cutting-edge industries.
Metastable-Phase Materials constitute a wide-ranging overview of these materials, their properties, and their applications. Beginning with an overall characterization of metastable-phase materials and their normal modes of synthesis, it characterizes the most important branch of metastable-phase materials and reviews a range of catalytic applications. The result is a critical contribution to materials science and catalytic chemistry with potentially far-reaching implications.
Metastable-Phase Materials readers will also find:
Treatment of metastable-phase metal materials, 2D metastable-phase materials, and spin-dependent metastable-phase materials.
Detailed discussion of metastable-phase material applications in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, thermalcatalysis, and more.
State-of-the-art technological applications in a myriad of areas.
Metastable-Phase Materials are ideal for materials scientists, catalytic chemists, inorganic chemists, photochemists, electrochemists, organic chemists, and the libraries that serve these communities.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Metastable Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Preface
1. Introduction of the Metastable-Phase Materials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Are Metastable‐Phase Materials?
1.3 The Categories of Metastable‐Phase Materials
1.3.1 Different Packing Orders
1.3.2 Different Connecting Modes
1.3.3 Different Coordination Number
1.3.4 Different Kinds of Chemical Bonds
1.3.5 Order and Disorder Polymorphs
1.3.6 Molecular Thermal‐Motion‐Related Polymorphs
1.3.7 Spin‐Related Polymorphs
1.4 The Influence on Polymorphs of Materials
1.4.1 Temperature
1.4.2 Pressure
1.4.3 The Stability in Nano‐size Metastable‐Phase Catalysts
1.5 The Wide Applications of Metastable‐Phase Materials
1.6 The Criterion for Stable‐Phase and Metastable‐Phase Materials
References
2. Synthetic Methodology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Key for Synthesizing Metastable‐Phase Materials
2.3 The Synthetic Methods for Synthesizing Metastable‐Phase Materials
2.3.1 Mechanical‐Energy‐Related Methods
2.3.2 Thermal‐Energy‐Related Methods
2.3.2.1 Hydrothermal Method
2.3.2.2 Solvothermal Method
2.3.2.3 Rapid Solidification or Quenching
2.3.2.4 Reflux Methods
2.3.2.5 Other Methods Related with Thermal Energy
2.3.3 High Pressure
2.3.4 Soft Chemical Method
2.3.5 Other Methods
2.3.6 The Combination of These Methods
References
3. Characterization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterizations
3.2.1 X‐ray Diffraction
3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy
3.2.3 Synchrotron X‐ray Absorption
3.2.3.1 XANES
3.2.3.2 EXAFS
3.2.4 X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
3.2.5 Neutron Diffraction
3.2.6 X‐ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD)
3.3 How to Determine the Phase of Metastable‐Phase 2D Metal Oxides
References
4. Metastable-Phase Metals
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Noble Metals
4.2.1 Au and Ag
4.2.2 Pd and Rh
4.2.3 Pt and Ir
4.2.4 Ru and Os
4.3 Non‐noble Metals
4.3.1 Ni
4.3.2 Co
4.3.3 Fe
4.3.4 Mn
4.3.5 Sn
4.3.6 W
4.4 The Criterion to Determine the Stable‐Phase and Metastable‐Phase Metals
References
5. Metastable-Phase Oxide, Chalcogenide, Phosphide, and Boride Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Oxides
5.2.1 TiO2
5.2.2 Fe2O3
5.2.3 ZnO
5.3 Chalcogenides
5.3.1 MoS2
5.3.2 CdS and ZnS
5.3.3 Cu2SnSe3
5.4 Others
5.4.1 C
5.4.2 ZrP and HfP
5.4.3 Ni7B3 and OsB2
References
6. Spin-Dependent Metastable-Phase Materials
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Spin‐Related Catalysis
6.2.1 Background
6.2.2 OER
6.2.3 ORR
6.3 Spin‐Related Catalysts for Alkaline OER
6.3.1 Spinel Oxides
6.3.2 Oxyhydroxide
6.4 Spin‐Related Catalyst for Acidic OER
References
7. Crystallography, Design, and Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Metastable-Phase Oxides
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Point Group, Crystal System, Crystal Lattice, and Space Groups of 2D Materials
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Theoretical Deduction
7.2.2.1 The Determination of 2D Point Group
7.2.2.2 The Determination of 2D Crystal Systems
7.2.2.3 The Determination of Crystal Lattices
7.2.2.4 The Determination of 2D Space Group
7.3 The Possible Crystal Structures and Chemical Formula of 2D Metal Oxides
7.3.1 The Importance of 2D Metal Oxides
7.3.2 The Possible Crystal Structure of 2D Metal Oxides
7.3.2.1 CN of 3
7.3.2.2 CN of 4
7.3.2.3 CN of 5
7.3.2.4 CN of 6
7.3.2.5 CN of 7
7.3.2.6 CN of 8
7.3.2.7 CN of 9
7.3.2.8 CN of 10
7.3.2.9 CN of 11
7.3.2.10 CN of 12
7.3.3 The Possible Metallene Oxides
7.4 How to Prepare Metastable‐Phase 2D Metal Oxides
7.5 2D Metastable‐Phase Noble Metal Oxides
7.5.1 Introduction of 2D Metastable‐Phase Noble Metal Oxides
7.5.2 2D Metastable‐Phase Iridium Oxides
7.5.3 2D Metastable‐Phase Platinum Oxides
7.5.4 2D Metastable‐Phase Rhodium Oxides
7.5.5 2D Metastable‐Phase Palladium Oxides
7.6 Metastable‐Phase 2D Non‐noble Metal Oxides
7.6.1 2D Metastable‐Phase Cerium Oxide
7.6.2 2D Metastable‐Phase Hafnium Oxide
7.6.3 2D Metastable‐Phase Tin Oxide
7.7 The Covalent Bond Behavior in Metastable‐Phase 1T Metal Oxides
7.7.1 The Relationship Between Bonds and Valences for Chemical Bonds
7.7.2 Distortion Theorem and Jahn–Teller Effect
7.7.3 The Behavior Against Distortion Theorem of 1T Oxides and Anti‐Jahn–Teller Effect of 1T PdO2
7.7.4 The Origin of Flexibility for 1T Metal Oxides
References
8. Electrocatalysis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Several Typical Electrochemical Reactions
8.2.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
8.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
8.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
8.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction
8.3 Metastable‐Phase Catalysts for Advanced Electrocatalysis
8.3.1 Metastable‐Phase Metals
8.3.2 Metastable‐Phase Oxides
8.3.3 Metastable‐Phase Transition Metal Chalcogenides
8.3.4 Metastable‐Phase Phosphides
8.3.5 Metastable‐Phase Carbides
References
9. Photocatalysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamental Concepts of Photocatalysis
9.2.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
9.2.2 Experimental Parameters of Photocatalysis
9.2.3 How to Determine the Bandgap
9.2.4 The Change of Bandgap, CB, and VB of Nanomaterials
9.3 Metastable‐Phase Catalysts and Photocatalysis
9.3.1 TiO2
9.3.2 TaON
9.3.3 MoO3
9.3.4 WO3
9.3.5 Bi2O3
9.3.6 MoS2
9.3.7 MnS
9.3.8 FeVO4
9.3.9 Sr0.5TaO3
9.3.10 Bi20TiO32
9.3.11 Bi2Zr2O7
9.3.12 Bi2SiO5
9.3.13 Ag2MoO4
9.3.14 Ag2WO4
9.3.15 ZnMoO4
9.3.16 K2LaTa2O6N
9.3.17 ZrSnO4
9.3.18 (1−x)BiFeO3−xPbTiO3
9.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Photocatalysis
References
10, Thermocatalysts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Several Typical Thermocatalytic Reactions
10.2.1 Synthesis of Ammonia
10.2.2 Water–Gas Shift Reaction
10.2.3 Catalytic Reforming
10.2.4 Hydrogenation
10.2.5 CO Oxidation
10.2.6 Fischer–Tropsch Reaction
10.3 Metastable‐Phase Catalysts for Thermocatalysis
10.3.1 MoO3 and MoO2
10.3.2 ZrO2
10.3.3 Al2O3
10.3.4 CuO and Cu4O3
10.3.5 FeO and Fe2O3
10.3.6 Other Oxides
10.3.7 Metals and Alloys
10.3.8 Chalcogenides
10.3.9 Carbides
10.3.10 Borides
References
Summary and Outlook
Index