Metal-Organic Frameworks in Biomedical and Environmental Field

✍ Scribed by Patricia Horcajada Cortés (editor), Sara Rojas Macías (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 511
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book joins an international and interdisciplinary group of leading experts on the biomedical, energy and environmental applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The resulting overview covers everything from the environmentally friendly and scale up synthesis of MOFs, their application in green energy generation and storage, and water purification to their use as drug delivery systems, biosensors, and their association with relevant macromolecules (genes, enzymes).

This book is focused on the interest of MOFs in applications such as the leading –edge environmental (energy-related) and biomedical fields. The potential of MOFs in these areas is currently progressing at a fast pace, since the wide possibilities that MOFs offer in terms of composition, topology, incorporation of active species (in their porosity, on their external surface or within the framework), and post-synthetic modifications, among others. The aim here is to provide future research goals that emphasize relevant nuances to this class of materials as a whole.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Robust and Environmentally Friendly MOFs
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Stability of Metal-Organic Frameworks
1.2.1 Chemical Stability
1.2.1.1 Reinforcing the Coordination Bond
1.2.1.2 Preserving the Coordination Bond
1.2.2 Thermal Stability
1.2.3 Mechanical Stability
1.3 Environmentally Friendly MOFs
1.3.1 Chemicals
1.3.1.1 Metal-Ion Precursors
1.3.1.2 Linkers
1.3.1.3 Solvent
1.3.1.4 Additives
1.3.2 Synthesis and Purification Processes
1.3.2.1 Synthesis Process
1.3.2.2 Purification Processes
1.4 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2: Large-Scale Synthesis and Shaping of Metal-Organic Frameworks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Scale-Up Synthesis of MOFs
2.2.1 Batch-Type Production
2.2.2 Continuous-Flow Production of MOFs
2.3 Shaping of MOF
2.3.1 Conventional Methods of Powder Shaping (Fig. 2.6)
2.3.1.1 Granulation
2.3.1.2 Extrusion
2.3.1.3 Pressing
2.3.2 Solidifying Methods
2.3.2.1 Spray-Drying
2.3.2.2 Foaming
2.3.2.3 Alginate
2.4 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Green Energy Generation Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
3.1 General Introduction
3.2 Initial Considerations
3.2.1 Parameters Affecting Photocatalysis
3.2.1.1 Surface Area Effect
3.2.1.2 Active Cluster
3.2.1.3 Light Absorption
3.2.1.4 Excitation Lifetime/Rate-Determining Step
3.2.1.5 Sacrificial Agents
3.2.2 Parameters Affecting Electrocatalysis
3.2.2.1 Catalytic Activity of the Reaction Site
3.2.2.2 Intrinsic Conductivity of the Material
3.2.2.3 Electrical Contact to the Current Collector/CP-Collector Interface
3.3 Photocatalysis
3.3.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
3.3.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
3.4 Electrocatalysis
3.4.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
3.4.1.1 Acidic Medium
3.4.1.2 Alkaline Medium
3.4.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
3.4.2.1 Alkaline Medium
3.4.2.2 Neutral Medium
3.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
3.4.3.1 Alkaline Medium
3.4.3.2 Neutral Medium
3.4.3.3 Acidic Medium
3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: The Potential of MOFs in the Field of Electrochemical Energy Storage
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Batteries and Supercapacitors: Definitions, Basic Principles, and Characteristics
4.1.2 Devices
4.2 MOF as Active Materials
4.2.1 High-Potential Materials: Insertion Mechanism
4.2.2 Low-Potential Materials: Conversion and Alloying
4.2.3 Combining Organic and Inorganic Redox Activity: From Redox-Active Core to Non-innocent Ligands
4.3 MOFs as Host for Active Species
4.3.1 Organic Molecules
4.3.2 Sulfur
4.4 MOFs for as Coatings of Active Materials
4.4.1 Coating on Cathode Materials
4.4.2 Coating on Anode Materials
4.5 MOF-Based Separators
4.5.1 Separator for Li-Ion and Li-Metal Batteries
4.5.2 Separators for Emerging Battery Technologies
4.6 MOFs as Solid Electrolytes
4.7 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 5: Carbon Capture Using Metal-Organic Frameworks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Targets for Carbon Capture: CO2-Containing Gas Streams
5.2.1 Power Generation
5.2.2 Natural Gas and Biogas Upgrading
5.3 Solid Adsorbents
5.3.1 Fundamentals of Adsorption and Separation over Solid Adsorbents
5.3.2 Pressure and Temperature Swing Adsorption on Solid Adsorbents
5.3.3 Selectivity of Adsorption
5.4 MOFs as Adsorbents for Carbon Capture by PSA and TSA
5.4.1 Background
5.4.2 Precombustion Gas Streams
5.4.3 Post-combustion Carbon Capture
5.4.3.1 Background
5.4.3.2 Physisorption Approaches
5.4.3.3 Chemisorption Approaches
5.4.4 Air Capture: Ultramicroporous and Biomimetic MOFs
5.4.5 Biogas and Natural Gas Upgrading
5.4.6 Summary of MOFs as Solid Adsorbents for Carbon Capture
5.5 MOFs as Fillers for Mixed Matrix Membranes
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Fundamentals of Gas Transport Through Membranes
5.5.2.1 Mechanism
5.5.2.2 Robeson Plots
5.5.2.3 Testing Membranes
5.5.3 MOF-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes
5.5.3.1 Introduction
5.5.3.2 Polymer Choice
5.5.3.3 Choice of MOF Fillers
5.5.3.4 Interface Engineering and Textural Optimisation
5.5.4 Summary of Mixed Matrix Membrane Performance
5.5.5 Towards Industrial Application: Hollow Fibre Membranes
5.5.6 Summary
5.6 A Word on CO2 Utilisation
5.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Computational Screening of MOFs for CO2 Capture
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Simulations of MOFs for CO2 Capture
6.2.1 Identifying Structural Properties of MOFs
6.2.2 Computing CO2 Adsorption in MOFs
6.2.3 Calculating CO2 Separation Performances of MOFs
6.3 Large-Scale Molecular Simulations of MOFs for CO2 Capture
6.3.1 Refining MOF Databases
6.3.2 Screening of MOFs
6.4 Role of QSPR and Machine Learning in Screening of MOFs for CO2 Capture
6.5 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 7: Water Purification: Removal of Heavy Metals Using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
7.1 Heavy Metals
7.1.1 Sources of Heavy Metals in Water
7.1.2 Effects on Health
7.2 MOFs for Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
7.2.1 Mercury
7.2.2 Lead
7.2.3 Cadmium
7.3 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Adsorptive Purification of Water Contaminated with Hazardous Organics by Using Functionalized Metal-Organic Framewo...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Discussion
8.2.1 Introduction to Functionalized MOFs
8.2.2 Mechanism of Adsorptive Purification
8.2.2.1 Electrostatic Interaction
8.2.2.2 H-Bonding Interaction
8.2.2.3 Pi-Interactions
8.2.2.4 Other Mechanisms
8.2.3 Contribution of Functional Groups on Adsorption
8.2.3.1 Functional Group of -NH2 or -NH-
8.2.3.2 Functional Group of -OH
8.2.3.3 Functional Group of -COOH
8.2.3.4 Functional Group of -SO3H
8.2.3.5 Other Functional Groups
8.3 Conclusions and Perspective
References
Chapter 9: MOFs Constructed from Biomolecular Building Blocks
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nucleobases
9.2.1 Discrete Complexes and 1-D Polymers
9.2.2 Purine-Based Bio-MOFs
9.2.3 Purine-Based Bio-MOFs with Secondary Linkers
9.3 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
9.3.1 Amino Acids
9.3.2 Small Peptides and Secondary Linkers
9.3.3 Functionalized Peptides
9.3.4 Proteins
9.4 Saccharides
9.4.1 Bio-MOFs Constructed from Simple Sugars
9.4.2 Cyclodextrin Bio-MOFs
9.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook
References
Chapter 10: Natural Polymer-Based MOF Composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Processing Methodologies
10.2.1 Electrospinning
10.2.2 Hot-Pressing Method
10.2.3 Biomimetic Biomineralization
10.2.4 Layer-by-Layer Deposition
10.3 Natural Polymer-MOF Composites
10.3.1 Cellulose-Based Composites
10.3.1.1 Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Composites
10.3.1.2 Cellulose Aerogel-Based Composites
10.3.2 Cotton-Based Composites
10.3.3 Pulp (Paper)-Based Composites
10.3.4 Silk-Based Composites
10.3.5 Chitosan- and Chitin-Based Composites
10.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 11: Metal-Organic Frameworks as Delivery Systems of Small Drugs and Biological Gases
11.1 An Ideal Drug Delivery System
11.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Drug Delivery Systems
11.3 The Importance of Material Selection
11.4 The Control of Small Molecule Drug Release
11.5 Metal-Organic Frameworks as Delivery Systems for Biological Gases
11.6 The Intracellular Fate of MOFs
11.7 External Surface Chemistry
11.8 Current Challenges
11.9 Outlook
References
Chapter 12: MOFs and Biomacromolecules for Biomedical Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis Methods
12.2.1 Surface Immobilization
12.2.1.1 Adsorption of Biomacromolecules on MOFs
12.2.1.2 Grafting of Biomacromolecules on MOFs
12.2.1.3 General Considerations for Biomacromolecules-On-MOF Composites
12.2.2 Embedding of Biomacromolecules in MOFs
12.2.2.1 Infiltration
12.2.2.2 Encapsulation
Influence of the Biomacromolecule Surface Chemistry on the Encapsulation Process
The Relative Size of Biomacromolecules and MOF Pores
Influence of the Chemical Properties of the MOF on the Encapsulation Process
Influence of Coprecipitation Agents on the Encapsulation Process
Crystalline Phase of Biomacromolecules@ZIF-8
Recent Developments of Encapsulation Synthetic Protocols
General Considerations on Biomacromolecules@MOF Composites Obtained Via Encapsulation
12.2.3 General Properties of MOFs Biocomposites
12.2.3.1 Controlled MOF Degradation and Cargo Release
12.2.3.2 MOF Biocompatibility
Biocomposite Particle Size
12.3 Applications of Biomacromolecules and MOF Biocomposites
12.3.1 Protein@MOF as Drug Delivery Systems
12.3.2 Protein@MOFs for Biopreservation
12.3.3 Protein-On-MOFs and Proteins@MOFs Biocomposites in Assays
12.3.3.1 Applications of Protein@MOF Biocomposites for Small Molecule Detection
Protein@MOF as H2O2 Sensors
Protein@MOF as Glucose Sensors
12.3.3.2 Protein-On-MOFs and Proteins@MOFs Biocomposites in Immunoassays
12.3.4 Carbohydrates@MOF and Carbohydrates-On-MOF Biocomposites as Drug Delivery Systems
12.3.4.1 MOFs as Carriers for CH-Based Therapeutics
12.3.4.2 Carbohydrates-On-MOF Biocomposites for DDS
12.3.5 Nucleic Acid and MOF Biocomposites
12.3.6 Lipid and MOF Biocomposites
12.3.7 Large Bioentities (Cells, Viruses) for Biopreservation and Cell and Virus Manipulation
12.3.7.1 Encapsulation of Cells in MOFs
12.3.7.2 Encapsulation of Viruses in MOFs
12.3.7.3 General Considerations for Large Bioentities and MOF Biocomposites
12.4 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Diagnosis Employing MOFs (Fluorescence, MRI)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Monomodal Diagnosis Nanoplatforms Based on MOFs
13.2.1 Fluorescence Diagnosis Nanoplatforms
13.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis Nanoplatforms
13.3 Multimodal Diagnosis Nanoplatforms Based on MOFs
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Biosensing Using MOFs
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Types of Sensing
14.1.2 Luminescence-Based Sensing
14.1.3 Some Important Considerations for MOF Biosensing
14.1.4 Scope and Organization of the Chapter
14.2 As-Synthesized Bulk MOFs: Unprocessed MOFs
14.2.1 Toxic Species
14.2.2 Small Biomolecules
14.2.3 Sensing of Biomacromolecules
14.3 MOFs with Controlled Texture and Morphology: Nano-MOFs
14.3.1 Toxic Molecules in Biological Tissues and Other Small Toxic Species
14.3.2 Sensing of Biomacromolecules
14.4 Processed MOFs and MOF-Based Hybrid Materials
14.4.1 Biosensors Derived from Physico/Chemical Deposition
14.4.2 Biosensors Based on MOFs Grafted with Metal NPs
14.4.3 Hybrid Core-Shell Biosensors
14.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Index