This book provides a complete background on metaheuristics to solve complex bi-level optimization problems (continuous/discrete, mono-objective/multi-objective) in a diverse range of application domains. Readers learn to solve large scale bi-level optimization problems by efficiently combining metaheuristics with complementary metaheuristics and mathematical programming approaches. Numerous real-world examples of problems demonstrate how metaheuristics are applied in such fields as networks, logistics and transportation, engineering design, finance and security.;A taxonomy of metaheuristics for bi-level optimization -- A genetic algorithm for power system vulnerability analysis under multiple contingencies -- A bilevel particle swarm optimization algorithm for supply chain management problems -- CoBRA: A coevolutionary metaheuristic for bi-level optimization -- A matheuristic for leader-follower games involving facility location-protection-interdiction decisions -- A metaheuristic framework for bi-Level programming problems with multi-disciplinary applications -- Matheuristics and Exact Methods for the Discrete (r|p)-Centroid Problem -- Exact solution methodologies for linear and (mixed) integer bilevel programming -- Bilevel multi-Objective optimization and decision making.